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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor="#F2F2F2" lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Hello:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> I thought this edition of the Fred’s Head would be of interest. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Robert<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Fred's Head from APH [mailto:fredshead=aph.org@mail129.suw14.mcdlv.net] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Fred's Head from APH<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, April 19, 2018 7:04 AM<br><b>To:</b> =?utf-8?Q??=<br><b>Subject:</b> Posts from Fred's Head from APH for 04/19/2018<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div align=center><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;background:#F2F2F2;border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td width="100%" valign=top style='width:100.0%;padding:15.0pt 15.0pt 15.0pt 15.0pt'><div align=center><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=600 style='width:6.25in;border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><div align=center><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=600 style='width:6.25in;background:white;border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:6.75pt 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 align=left width=366 style='width:274.5pt;border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:6.75pt 0in 6.75pt 13.5pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:125%'><span style='font-size:8.5pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'>The latest blog posts from Fred's Head from APH, a Blindness Blog. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 align=right width=197 style='width:147.75pt;border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:6.75pt 13.5pt 6.75pt 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:125%'><span style='font-size:8.5pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><a href="https://us8.campaign-archive.com/?e=60d5a56a21&u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=12e112d529" target="_blank"><span style='color:#606060'>View this email in your browser</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><div align=center><table class=MsoNormalTable 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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=144 src="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765/images/9c5bcc9c-b7ea-4148-b696-9bcd691a2dd7.jpg" align=left alt="Fred's Head logo" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><div align=center><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=600 style='width:6.25in;background:white;border-collapse:collapse;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;min-width: 100%' id=templateBody><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 align=left style='border-collapse:collapse;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:6.75pt 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'>Updates from http://www.fredshead.info/ <o:p></o:p></span></p><h1>Fred’s Head from APH, a Blindness Blog<o:p></o:p></h1><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><br><br><strong><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>In the 04/19/2018 edition:</span></strong><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#606060;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a href="#mctoc1"><span style='color:#6DC6DD'>Throw Back Thursday: Tactile Drawing Tools</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#606060;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a href="#mctoc2"><span style='color:#6DC6DD'>Quick Tip: History in the Making</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 align=left style='border-collapse:collapse;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:6.75pt 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><h2><a name=mctoc1></a><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=090f982618&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='color:#6DC6DD;font-weight:normal'>Throw Back Thursday: Tactile Drawing Tools</span></a><o:p></o:p></h2><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'>By APH Blogger on Apr 19, 2018 08:35 am</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=0d3a510095&e=60d5a56a21"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=320 height=212 id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g3djyeSO--k/WtiLSiyKmfI/AAAAAAAAAAw/rtRfRsnBu7oLWLMjMRzE7z-vr8pSb8A_QCLcBGAs/s320/Freds%2BHead%2BPhoto_4-19-18.JPG"></span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>Occasionally, like most museums, we will get a “box” in the mail. Someone is cleaning house, and either they want to remain anonymous, or they absolutely, definitely do NOT want anything returned. So, there is no return address. Last week, I received such a box, carefully packed inside were a New Hall Braillewriter (serial# 3268, nothing special), and an old record album box full of drawing tools. There were eight in total, all stamped with the Howe Press/Perkins School mark. Now, I’ll admit, I don’t really like receiving these boxes. Without documentation, we can’t establish ownership, and we’re reluctant to expend resources on things we do not own. But these tools help tell the story of how our field made it possible for students who are blind or visually impaired to succeed in classes like geometry, or to make all sorts of maps and diagrams. So our Throwback Thursday blog is a little long this week. Mea culpa.</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>In 1939, </span><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=94d7e57526&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD'>Edward Waterhouse</span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>, a math teacher at the Perkins School in Watertown, Massachusetts, was designing pioneering appliances to teach mathematics. Waterhouse would go on to head both the Howe Press and the Perkins School, and was an influential educator in many ways. In 1939, there were no commercially available adapted tools that would allow students with visual impairments to draw raised lines for themselves. The production of tactile graphics was consigned solely to the braille presses who were producing maps, or to individual teachers making their own diagrams using tactile materials, glue, and household tools. By 1941, the Howe Press, the manufacturing arm at Perkins, had introduced “Geometry Instruments,” which we think meant a compass with a star wheel, a braille protractor, a tracing wheel, and three braille rulers. In 1947, the Perkins Annual Report says that their geometry instruments were being made at the Howe Press machine shop, now in Watertown (having moved that year from Boston). In 1950, the category was renamed “Mathematical Instruments.” You could buy all six drawing tools in 1956 for $13.45. </span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>Meanwhile, Harry P. Sewell was part of an ad-hoc research council in the 1940s in New York that met at the American Foundation for the Blind. He received a patent for his own raised line writing system in 1952. By 1955, Sewell was manufacturing the kits in a small shop and distributing them through AFB. (A version is still available today from MaxiAids.) </span><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=8394625209&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD'>Sewell’s kit</span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'> involved a clipboard with a rubber coating, a plastic stylus, and a clear plastic film. Pressing the stylus into the film (or into aluminum sheets) produced a raised line drawing on the opposite side of the film.</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>Whether inspired by Sewell, or encouraged by the steady sales of their drawing tools (we don’t really know the whole story yet), by May of 1968, Howe Press and Perkins had introduced their own drawing kit, the Raised Line Drawing Kit (RLDK). It consisted of a rubber-faced drawing board, a nylon tipped stylus, a tracing wheel, a twelve-inch ruler, a protractor, a compass, and a right angle, along with 100 sheets of ten-inch square Mylar. Like the Sewell Kit, the RLDK produced a raised line drawing on the opposite side of the Mylar. By 1976, Howe had also introduced their Freehand Drawing Stylus, a tool allowing you to place individual raised dots anywhere on the page.</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>The American Printing House for the Blind got into the act originally in 1965, introducing its </span><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=76419d4b3e&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD'>Swail Dot Inverter</span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>, a hand tool, designed to emboss raised dots to create simple charts, graphs, and maps. In 1980, APH introduced its </span><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=19fd6d3288&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD'>Tactile Graphics Kit</span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>, which was intended more for teachers than students, but included a variety of tools to emboss graphics of all types on heavy gauge aluminum that could then be reproduced on a conventional thermoform machine. But the most important contribution APH made to student produced graphics would come in 2005, when the company introduced its </span><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=a0ea9026a6&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD'>Draftsman</span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'> Tactile Drawing Board. Like the Sewell and the Raised Line Drawing Kit, the Draftsman used a rubber coated board and clear plastic film. But unlike its predecessors, when a stylus was drawn across the plastic film, it left behind a raised line on the top of the film that could be explored by touch immediately.</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=da924df7f3&e=60d5a56a21"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=320 height=212 id="_x0000_i1026" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k8_--h76mzM/WtiLSqh_VYI/AAAAAAAAAAs/SJz5F1hMa-ETP0JASoJ8eeLJ935Gkoy4wCLcBGAs/s320/Freds%2BHead%2Bphoto2_4-19-19.jpg"></span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'> </span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>By the way, </span><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=2184c5ae70&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD'>Howe Press</span></a><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'> is not making these tools anymore, so, you guessed it, now they are museum pieces… (And if anyone has one of their original drawing boards, I would LOVE to get it!)</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Micheal Hudson, Museum Director, APH </span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><br></span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><br><br></span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#606060'>(Photo caption: Aluminum braille protractor, braille ruler, and nylon-tipped pencil stylus; blackened steel tracing wheel, compass with star wheel, and plain compass; u-shaped steel freehand drawing tool with wooden handle.)</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=49d0c05d9b&e=60d5a56a21"><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#6DC6DD;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 id="_x0000_i1027" src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/fredsheadcompanion?d=yIl2AUoC8zA"></span></a><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=8346406a81&e=60d5a56a21"><span 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style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p><h2><a href="https://aph.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0d9bb2b66f092e599244d8765&id=194effbff3&e=60d5a56a21" target="_blank"><span style='color:#6DC6DD;font-weight:normal'>Quick Tip: History in the Making</span></a><o:p></o:p></h2><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'>By APH Blogger on Apr 18, 2018 12:47 pm</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><br></span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#606060'>History in the Making: The Story of the American Printing House for the Blind, 1858-2008 is a handsome keepsake book that describes the rich history of the American Printing House for the Blind.</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#606060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#606060'><a 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