[Nfbf-l] Now see with your tongue

[taraprakash]

 Tasting The Light - Device Lets The Blind See With 
TheirTongues


August 13, 2009
Tasting the Light: Device Lets the Blind "See" with Their Tongues
A pair of sunglasses wired to an electric "lollipop" helps the visually 
impaired regain optical sensations via a different pathway
By Mandy Kendrick

Neuroscientist Paul Bach-y-Rita hypothesized in the 1960s that "we see with 
our brains not our eyes." Now, a new device trades on that thinking and aims
to partially restore the experience of vision for the blind and visually 
impaired by relying on the nerves on the tongue's surface to send light 
signals
to the brain.

Legal blindness is defined by U.S. law as vision that is 20/200 or worse, or 
has a field of view that is less than 20 degrees in diameter. The condition
afflicts more than one million Americans over the age of 40, according to 
the National Institutes of Health. Adult vision loss costs the country about
$51.4 billion per year.

About two million optic nerves are required to transmit visual signals from 
the retina-the portion of the eye where light information is decoded or 
translated
into nerve pulses-to the brain's primary visual cortex. With BrainPort, the 
device being developed by neuroscientists at Middleton, Wisc.-based Wicab,
Inc. (a company co-founded by the late Back-y-Rita), visual data are 
collected through a small digital video camera about 1.5 centimeters in 
diameter that
sits in the center of a pair of sunglasses worn by the user. Bypassing the 
eyes, the data are transmitted to a handheld base unit, which is a little 
larger
than a cell phone. This unit houses such features as zoom control, light 
settings and shock intensity levels as well as a central processing unit 
(CPU),
which converts the digital signal into electrical pulses-replacing the 
function of the retina.
>From the CPU, the signals are sent to the tongue via a "lollipop," an 
electrode array about nine square centimeters that sits directly on the 
tongue. Each
electrode corresponds to a set of pixels. White pixels yield a strong 
electrical pulse, whereas black pixels translate into no signal. Densely 
packed nerves
at the tongue surface receive the incoming electrical signals, which feel a 
little like Pop Rocks or champagne bubbles to the user.

It remains unclear whether the information is then transferred to the 
brain's visual cortex, where sight information is normally sent, or to its 
somatosensory
cortex, where touch data from the tongue is interpreted, Wicab 
neuroscientist Aimee Arnoldussen says. "We don't know with certainty," she 
adds.
Like learning to ride a bike
In any case, within 15 minutes of using the device, blind people can begin 
interpreting spatial information via the BrainPort, says William Seiple, 
research
director at the nonprofit vision healthcare and research organization 
Lighthouse International. The electrodes spatially correlate with the pixels 
so that
if the camera detects light fixtures in the middle of a dark hallway, 
electrical stimulations will occur along the center of the tongue.

"It becomes a task of learning, no different than learning to ride a bike," 
Arnoldussen says, adding that the "process is similar to how a baby learns
to see. Things may be strange at first, but over time they become familiar."

Seiple works with four patients who train with the BrainPort once a week and 
notes that his patients have learned how to quickly find doorways and 
elevator
buttons, read letters and numbers, and pick out cups and forks at the dinner 
table without having to fumble around. "At first, I was amazed at what the
device could do," he said. "One guy started to cry when he saw his first 
letter."

Wicab will submit BrainPort to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for 
approval at the end of the month, says Robert Beckman, president and chief 
executive
officer of the company. He notes that the device could be approved for 
market by the end of 2009 at a cost of about $10,000 per machine.