[nfbwatlk] {Disarmed} How do blind persons compensate for this kindof sighted interactions?

Thu Nov 27 14:00:05 UTC 2014

Sometimes it is necessary to ask questions in order to illicit a response.
----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Don Mitchell via nfbwatlk" <nfbwatlk at nfbnet.org>
To: "'Debby Phillips'" <semisweetdebby at gmail.com>; "'NFB of Washington Talk 
Mailing List'" <nfbwatlk at nfbnet.org>; "'Corey Grandstaff'" 
<corey.grandstaff at gmail.com>
Sent: Wednesday, November 26, 2014 10:39 PM
Subject: [nfbwatlk] {Disarmed} How do blind persons compensate for this 
kindof sighted interactions?


> Since I took a communications class and learned how important eyes are in
> communication I have wondered how we as blind persons compensate, adapt, 
> or
> develop accommodations for this kind of sighted interactions. What are 
> your
> thoughts?
>
>
>
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> Image: Nadezda Cruzova / Shutterstock.com
>
> How humans learn to subconsciously connect with their eyes
>
> Researchers have studied the way infants 'read' emotions in people's eyes 
> to
> discover that at just seven months old, most people have already figured 
> out
> how to derive meaning from these incredibly complex organs.
>
> BEC CREW   24 NOV 2014
>
> Facebook Icon9.1kTwitter Icon41Email Icon
>
> READ MORE
>
>
>
> By decoding the brain activity of infants that were subconsciously exposed
> to various expressions, an international team of psychologists has
> demonstrated how humans learn to communicate using their eyes alone.
>
> When it comes to expressing our emotions - intentionally or not - there's
> nothing quite like our eyes. Whether we're experiencing feelings of joy or
> fear, or a deep sadness or boredom that we can't help but give away, our
> eyes are the windows to our souls, and as humans, there's not a whole lot 
> we
> can do to change that.
>
> But let's not lose perspective here,
> <http://online.wsj.com/articles/how-humans-learn-to-communicate-with-their-e
> yes-1416414194?mod=e2tw> as Alison Gopnik points out at The Washington 
> Post,
> eyes are really just slightly squishy globes of jelly-goo surrounded in
> special nerves, fibres and lens cells. They're incredibly complex organs,
> yes, but how can they express so much without us even trying?
>
> New research by psychologists Sarah Jessen from the Max Planck Institute 
> in
> Germany and Tobias Grossmann of the University of Virginia in the US has
> discovered that not only do we learn to read and respond to what we see in
> each other's eyes at an extremely young age, but we do so subconsciously 
> in
> order to survive.
>
> Humans are the only primates with a large, highly visible sclera - the 
> white
> part of the eye - which makes them easier to track and read than the eyes 
> of
> many other animals. Imagine trying to read the emotions of a hamster 
> without
> any physical cues other than what's going on
> <https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTV2qgCAdecYHWFfoq9Gvd
> sTEHgAMJ_hmVa8jygnu1ixaB9kzzzvQ> in those black, beady pools. Those 
> adorable
> little enigmas.
>
> But most people, even when they're very young, tune in and focus on 
> another
> person's eyes when they're trying to connect and read their emotions and
> intent. Grossmann and Jessen decided to test this ability in several very
> young babies to see just how early on in a human's life meaning can be
> derived by reading another person's eyes.
>
> Working with seven-month-old babies, Grossmann and Jessen exposed their
> young subjects to several schematic pictures of human eyes showing either
> fearful expressions - wide-eyed plenty of visible sclera - or neutral,
> dead-eyed expressions. The eyes would either be looking front on at their
> infant audience, or to the side. The infants were also shown images of 
> eyes
> where the colours had been reversed, so the eye whites would be black, and
> the pupils white.
>
> Each image in the series was shown to the infants for just 50 
> milliseconds,
> which is enough for them to subconsciously register what they saw, but not
> long enough for them to really think about it. And all of this was 
> happening
> while the infant subjects were wearing
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography> EEG caps, which are
> equipped with an array of sensors that detect and record brain signals as
> they occur.
>
> "The babies' brain-waves were different when they looked at the fearful 
> eyes
> and the neutral ones, and when they saw the eyes look right at them or off
> to one side,"
> <http://online.wsj.com/articles/how-humans-learn-to-communicate-with-their-e
> yes-1416414194?mod=e2tw> reports Gopnik at The Washington Post. "The
> differences were particularly clear in the frontal parts of the brain. 
> Those
> brain areas control attention and are connected to the brain areas that
> detect fear."
>
> But when the babies were shown the reverse-colour images, their brain 
> scans
> revealed that they did not differentiate between the fearful and neutral
> expressions. This suggests that the position and area of the sclera is
> crucial for how we interpret meaning in each other's eyes, especially when
> we're young.
>
> "Their brains clearly responded to social cues conveyed through the eyes,
> indicating that even without conscious awareness, human infants are able 
> to
> detect subtle social cues,"
> <https://news.virginia.edu/content/whites-their-eyes-study-finds-infants-res
> pond-social-cues-sclera> said Grossmann in a press release.
>
> "This demonstrates that, like adults, infants are sensitive to eye
> expressions of fear and direction of focus, and that these responses 
> operate
> without conscious awareness,"
> <https://news.virginia.edu/content/whites-their-eyes-study-finds-infants-res
> pond-social-cues-sclera> he adds. "The existence of such brain mechanisms 
> in
> infants likely provides a vital foundation for the development of social
> interactive skills in humans."
>
> The results were published in
> <http://www.pnas.org/content/111/45/16208.short> Proceedings of the 
> National
> Academy of Science.
>
> Sources:
> <https://news.virginia.edu/content/whites-their-eyes-study-finds-infants-res
> pond-social-cues-sclera> The University of Virginia,
> <http://online.wsj.com/articles/how-humans-learn-to-communicate-with-their-e
> yes-1416414194?mod=e2tw> The Washington Post
>
>
>
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