<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body dir="auto"><div dir="ltr"><base href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth?back=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fclient%3Dsafari%26as_qdr%3Dall%26as_occt%3Dany%26safe%3Dactive%26as_q%3DJuneteenth+black+history%26channel%3Daplab%26source%3Da-app1%26hl%3Den"><style id="print">
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</style><title>Juneteenth - Wikipedia</title><div class="original-url">Greetings Ohio national Federation of the blind, please join me and other African-American members in celebrating Juneteenth holiday. Please read the attached article, Juneteenth commemorates the end of slavery in the United States. The state of Ohio is also recognizing Juneteenth as a holiday, since it falls on a Saturday tomorrow June 19, 2021, Friday today June 18, 2021, will be in observed holiday for all state employees. </div><div class="original-url">Thank you. </div><div class="original-url"><br></div><div class="original-url">Cheerfully, Reverend Dr. Carolyn Peters Greetings Ohio an National Federation The Blind Juneteenth Holiday, commemorates the ending of slavery in the United States.<br><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth?back=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fclient%3Dsafari%26as_qdr%3Dall%26as_occt%3Dany%26safe%3Dactive%26as_q%3DJuneteenth+black+history%26channel%3Daplab%26source%3Da-app1%26hl%3Den">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth?back=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fclient%3Dsafari%26as_qdr%3Dall%26as_occt%3Dany%26safe%3Dactive%26as_q%3DJuneteenth+black+history%26channel%3Daplab%26source%3Da-app1%26hl%3Den</a><br><br></div><div id="article" role="article" style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" class="system exported"><div class="page" style="text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%;"><h1 class="title" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.95552em; line-height: 1.2141em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: start; display: block; max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth</h1><div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<div role="note" style="max-width: 100%;">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth_(disambiguation)" title="Juneteenth (disambiguation)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" style="max-width: 100%;">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Day</a></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth</b><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[b]</span></sup> (officially <b style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth National Independence Day</b> and historically known as <b style="max-width: 100%;">Jubilee Day</b>,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[2]</span></sup> <b style="max-width: 100%;">Black Independence Day</b>,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[3]</span></sup> and <b style="max-width: 100%;">Emancipation Day</b><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[4]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[5]</span></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">federal holiday</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States</a> celebrating the emancipation of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African American slaves</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[6]</span></sup> Originating in <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Galveston, Texas</a>, in 1866, it has been celebrated annually on <a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">June 19</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States</a>. It became a recognized federal holiday in June 2021 when <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Joe Biden</a> signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[7]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[8]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[9]</span></sup> It is commemorated on the anniversary date of the June 19, 1865, announcement of <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._3" title="General Order No. 3" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">General Order No. 3</a> by <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" title="Union Army" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Union Army</a> general <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gordon Granger</a>, proclaiming freedom for slaves in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[10]</span></sup></p><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Juneteenth</th></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><td colspan="2" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><img alt="Emancipation Day celebration - 1900-06-19.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg/240px-Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1169" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a><p style="max-width: 100%;">Celebration of Emancipation Day (Juneteenth) in 1900, Texas</p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Also called</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth National Independence Day</li><li style="max-width: 100%;">Black Independence Day</li><li style="max-width: 100%;">Jubilee Day</li><li style="max-width: 100%;">Emancipation Day (TX)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Observed by</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States</a></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Type</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">National (federal), historical, ethnic, cultural</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Significance</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">Emancipation of slaves in areas in rebellion against the Union</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Observances</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><a href="/wiki/African_American" title="African American" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African American</a> history, culture and progress</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Date</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">June 19</a></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Next time</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">June 19, 2021</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Frequency</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">Annual</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">First time</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">June 19, 1866 (celebration) <br style="max-width: 100%;"> June 19, 2021 (federal holiday)<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[a]</span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style="max-width: 100%;">President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Proclamation</a> of 1862 had officially outlawed slavery in Texas and the other states that had rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Union</a> almost two and a half years earlier. Enforcement of the Proclamation generally relied on the advance of Union troops. Texas, as the most remote of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_states" title="Slave states" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">slave states</a>, had seen an expansion of slavery and had a low presence of Union troops as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American Civil War</a> ended; thus, enforcement there had been slow and inconsistent prior to Granger's announcement.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[10]</span></sup> Although the Emancipation Proclamation declared an end to slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Confederate States</a>, slavery was still legal and practiced in two <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Union border states</a> – Delaware and Kentucky – until December 6, 1865, when ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution</a> abolished <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" title="Chattel slavery" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">chattel slavery</a> nationwide. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territories" title="Indian Territories" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Indian Territories</a> that had sided with the Confederacy, namely the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Choctaw</a>, were the last to release those enslaved, in 1866.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[11]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[12]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[13]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[c]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[14]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Celebrations date to 1866, at first involving church-centered community gatherings in Texas. It spread across <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">the South</a> and became more commercialized in the 1920s and 1930s, often centering on a <a href="/wiki/Food_festival" title="Food festival" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">food festival</a>. Participants in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Great Migration</a> out of the South carried their celebrations to other parts of the country. During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Civil Rights Movement</a> of the 1960s, these celebrations were eclipsed by the struggle for postwar civil rights, but grew in popularity again in the 1970s with a focus on <a href="/wiki/African-American" title="African-American" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American</a> freedom and <a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American arts</a>. As of 2021, North Dakota and South Dakota are the only states that do not recognize Juneteenth, according to the Congressional Research Service.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[6]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Modern observance is primarily in local celebrations. Traditions include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot" title="Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Swing Low, Sweet Chariot</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>", and reading of works by noted <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American</a> writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ralph Ellison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maya Angelou</a>. Celebrations include <a href="/wiki/Rodeos" title="Rodeos" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">rodeos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_fair" title="Street fair" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">street fairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">cookouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_reunion" title="Family reunion" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">family reunions</a>, park parties, <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">historical reenactments</a>, and Miss Juneteenth contests. Juneteenth is also celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mascogos</a>, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Seminoles</a> who escaped from U.S. slavery in 1852 and settled in <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mexico</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[15]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[16]</span></sup></p>
</section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-0" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">History</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<h3 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">The Civil War and celebrations of Emancipation</span></h3>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), emancipation came at different times to various places in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southern United States</a>. Celebrations of emancipation often called a <a href="/wiki/Jubilee" title="Jubilee" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jubilee</a> occurred on September 22, July 4, August 1, April 6, and November 1, among other dates. In Texas, emancipation came late: enforced in Texas on June 19, 1865, as the southern rebellion collapsed, emancipation became a well known cause of celebration.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[17]</span></sup></p>
<h3 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">End of slavery in Texas</span></h3>
<div role="note" style="max-width: 100%;">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Proclamation</a></div>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth_general_order3.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Juneteenth_general_order3.jpg/220px-Juneteenth_general_order3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="466"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Juneteenth_general_order3.jpg/220px-Juneteenth_general_order3.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Order_No._3.jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._3" title="General Order No. 3" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">General Order No. 3</a>, June 19, 1865</div></div></div>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG/220px-Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG/220px-Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Areas covered by the Emancipation Proclamation are in red. Slave-holding areas not covered are in blue.</div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Abraham Lincoln</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Proclamation</a> on September 22, 1862.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[18]</span></sup> It became effective on January 1, 1863, declaring that all enslaved persons in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Confederate States of America</a> in rebellion and not in Union hands were freed.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[18]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[c]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">More isolated geographically, planters and other slaveholders had migrated into Texas from eastern states to escape the fighting, and many brought enslaved people with them, increasing by the thousands the enslaved population in the state at the end of the Civil War.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[19]</span></sup> Although most lived in rural areas, more than 1,000 resided in both <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Galveston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Houston</a> by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[20]</span></sup> By 1865, there were an estimated 250,000 enslaved people in Texas.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[19]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[21]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">
Despite the surrender of General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Robert E. Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Appomattox Court House</a> on April 9, 1865, the western <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi" title="Army of the Trans-Mississippi" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Army of the Trans-Mississippi</a> did not surrender until June 2.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[22]</span></sup> On the morning of Monday, June 19, 1865, <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" title="Union Army" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Union</a> Major General <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gordon Granger</a> arrived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Galveston, Texas</a>,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[23]</span></sup> to take command of the more than 2,000 federal troops<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[24]</span></sup> recently landed in the department of Texas to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">emancipation</a> of its slaves and oversee a <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">peaceful transition of power</a>, additionally nullifying all laws passed within Texas during the war by Confederate lawmakers.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[23]</span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission" title="Texas Historical Commission" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas Historical Commission</a> and Galveston Historical Foundation report that Granger’s men marched throughout Galveston reading <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._3" title="General Order No. 3" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">General Order No. 3</a> first at Union Army Headquarters at the Osterman Building (formerly at the intersection of Strand Street and 22nd Street, since demolished), in the <a href="/wiki/Strand_Historic_District" title="Strand Historic District" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Strand Historic District</a>. Next they marched to the 1861 Customs House and Courthouse before finally marching to the Negro Church on Broadway, since renamed <a href="/wiki/Reedy_Chapel-AME_Church" title="Reedy Chapel-AME Church" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Reedy Chapel-AME Church</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[25]</span></sup> The order informed all Texans that, in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves were free:</p><blockquote style="max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65); margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 6px; padding-left: 16px; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><p style="max-width: 100%;">The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[26]</span></sup></p></blockquote>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Longstanding urban legend places the historic reading of General Order No. 3 at <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Villa" title="Ashton Villa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ashton Villa</a>; however, no extant historical evidence supports such claims.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[27]</span></sup> On June 21, 2014, the Galveston Historical Foundation and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission" title="Texas Historical Commission" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas Historical Commission</a> erected a Juneteenth plaque where the Osterman Building once stood signifying the location of Major General Granger's Union Headquarters and subsequent issuance of his general orders.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[28]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Although this event has come to be celebrated as the end of slavery, emancipation for the remaining enslaved in two Union <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">border states</a> (Delaware and Kentucky), would not come until several months later, on December 18, 1865, when ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thirteenth Amendment</a> was announced.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[29]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[c]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[d]</span></sup> The freedom of formerly enslaved people in Texas was given final legal status in a series of <a href="/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court" title="Texas Supreme Court" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas Supreme Court</a> decisions between 1868 and 1874.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[31]</span></sup></p>
<h3 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Early celebrations</span></h3>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Formerly enslaved people in Galveston celebrated after the announcement.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[32]</span></sup> On June 19, 1866, one year after the announcement, <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">freedmen</a> in Texas organized the first of what became the annual celebration of "Jubilee Day" (Day of <a href="/wiki/Jubilee" title="Jubilee" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jubilee</a>).<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[26]</span></sup> Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed slaves.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[33]</span></sup> Early independence celebrations often occurred on January 1 or 4.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[34]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">In some cities, black people were barred by Democrats from using public parks because of state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">segregation</a> of facilities. Across parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land to hold their celebrations.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[19]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[26]</span></sup> The day was first celebrated in Austin in 1867 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Freedmen's Bureau</a>, and it had been listed on a "calendar of public events" by 1872.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[29]</span></sup> That year, black leaders in Texas raised $1,000 for the purchase of 10 acres (4 ha) of land to celebrate Juneteenth, today known as <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Houston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Park_(Houston)" title="Emancipation Park (Houston)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Park</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[35]</span></sup> The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas; an estimated 30,000 black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park in <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas" title="Limestone County, Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Limestone County, Texas</a>, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[29]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup> Attendance at the Limestone County event fell off sharply in the wake of the 1981 drowning of three local teenagers while in the custody of a Limestone County sheriff’s deputy, a reserve deputy, and a probation officer.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[37]</span></sup> By the 1890s, Jubilee Day had become known as Juneteenth.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[21]</span></sup></p>
<h3 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Jim Crow</span></h3>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Day_Celebration_band,_June_19,_1900.png" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emancipation_Day_Celebration_band%2C_June_19%2C_1900.png/220px-Emancipation_Day_Celebration_band%2C_June_19%2C_1900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1159"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emancipation_Day_Celebration_band%2C_June_19%2C_1900.png/220px-Emancipation_Day_Celebration_band%2C_June_19%2C_1900.png" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Day_Celebration_band,_June_19,_1900.png" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Band performing in Texas for Emancipation Day, 1900</div></div></div>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Day_in_Richmond,_Virginia,_1905.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Emancipation_Day_in_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1905.jpg/220px-Emancipation_Day_in_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="636"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Emancipation_Day_in_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1905.jpg/220px-Emancipation_Day_in_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1905.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Day_in_Richmond,_Virginia,_1905.jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Emancipation Day celebration in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Richmond, Virginia</a>, 1905</div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">disenfranchised black people</a>, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" title="Jim Crow" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jim Crow laws</a> imposing second-class status.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[38]</span></sup> Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because "upwardly mobile blacks [...] were ashamed of their slave past and aspired to assimilate into mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school [...] and other pursuits." Others who migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Northern United States</a> couldn't take time off or simply dropped the celebration.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Great Depression</a> forced many black people off farms and into the cities to find work. In these urban environments, African Americans had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Fair" title="Texas State Fair" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas State Fair</a> served as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Texas governor <a href="/wiki/James_V._Allred" title="James V. Allred" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">James V. Allred</a> issued a proclamation stating in part:<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[39]</span></sup></p>
<blockquote style="max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65); margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 6px; padding-left: 16px; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><p style="max-width: 100%;">Whereas, the Negroes in the State of Texas observe June 19 as the official day for the celebration of Emancipation from slavery; and
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Whereas, June 19, 1865, was the date when General Robert [sic] S. Granger, who had command of the Military District of Texas, issued a proclamation notifying the Negroes of Texas that they were free; and
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Whereas, June 19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June 20, 1938, as the date for observance of
EMANCIPATION DAY
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">
in Texas, and do urge all members of the Negro race in Texas to observe the day in a manner appropriate to its importance to them.</p></blockquote>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Seventy thousand people attended a "Juneteenth Jamboree" in 1951.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[39]</span></sup> From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Great Migration</a>, more than five million black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historian <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Wilkerson" title="Isabel Wilkerson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Isabel Wilkerson</a> writes, "The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/Oakland" title="Oakland" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Oakland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Seattle</a>, and other places they went."<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[40]</span></sup> In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by an immigrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[41]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">During the 1950s and 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Civil Rights Movement</a> focused the attention of African Americans on expanding freedom and integrating. As a result, observations of the holiday declined again (though it was still celebrated in Texas).<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[33]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[34]</span></sup></p>
<h3 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Revival</span></h3>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth_festival_in_Milwaukee,_2019.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Juneteenth_festival_in_Milwaukee%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Juneteenth_festival_in_Milwaukee%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Juneteenth_festival_in_Milwaukee%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Juneteenth_festival_in_Milwaukee%2C_2019.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth_festival_in_Milwaukee,_2019.jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Juneteenth festival in Milwaukee, 2019</div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth soon saw a revival as black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. In <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Atlanta</a>, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Poor People's Campaign</a> to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" title="Washington, DC" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Washington, DC</a>, called by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ralph Abernathy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> made June 19 the "Solidarity Day of the Poor People’s Campaign".<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[41]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[29]</span></sup> In the subsequent revival, large celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Minneapolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Milwaukee</a> emerged, <sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[42]</span></sup> as well as across the Eastern United States.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[43]</span></sup> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Houston</a> began holding large-scale celebrations again,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[21]</span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fort Worth, Texas</a>, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[33]</span></sup> The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[43]</span></sup> In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[21]</span></sup> In 2016, Opal Lee, often referred to as the "grandmother of Juneteenth", marched from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for a federal holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[44]</span></sup></p>
<h4 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Prayer Breakfast and Commemorative Celebration</span></h4>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">In 1979, Democratic State Representative <a href="/wiki/Al_Edwards_(politician)" title="Al Edwards (politician)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Al Edwards</a> of <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Houston, Texas</a>, successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards’ Prayer Breakfast and Commemorative Celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger’s announcement, Edwards’ annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[45]</span></sup> reading General Order No. 3 from the second story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[46]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[47]</span></sup> Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April 29, 2020, at the age of 83,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[48]</span></sup> but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son, Jason Edwards, speaking in his father’s place.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[49]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[50]</span></sup></p>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Edwards_Statue.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Al_Edwards_Statue.jpg/220px-Al_Edwards_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="3318"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Al_Edwards_Statue.jpg/220px-Al_Edwards_Statue.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Edwards_Statue.jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Al Edwards Statue</div></div></div>
<h4 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Official recognition</span></h4>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth_Celebration_program,_1980_(49998870952).jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Juneteenth_Celebration_program%2C_1980_%2849998870952%29.jpg/220px-Juneteenth_Celebration_program%2C_1980_%2849998870952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2541"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Juneteenth_Celebration_program%2C_1980_%2849998870952%29.jpg/220px-Juneteenth_Celebration_program%2C_1980_%2849998870952%29.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth_Celebration_program,_1980_(49998870952).jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Flyer for a 1980 Juneteenth celebration at the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Center" title="Seattle Center" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Seattle Center</a></div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">In the late 1970s, when the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas Legislature</a> declared Juneteenth a "holiday of significance [...] particularly to the blacks of Texas,"<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[34]</span></sup> it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[51]</span></sup> The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[29]</span></sup> Juneteenth is a "partial staffing" holiday in Texas; government offices do not close but agencies may operate with reduced staff, and employees may either celebrate this holiday or substitute it with one of four "optional holidays" recognized by Texas.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[52]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;">[<i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><span title="now contains info about FY 2020–21; says nothing about Juneteenth (Emancpation Day) being 'partial' or 'optional' (December 2020)" style="max-width: 100%;">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">In 1996, the first legislation to recognize "Juneteenth Independence Day" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J. Res. 195, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Barbara-Rose Collins</a> (D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who "successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[53]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">In June 2019, Governor of Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolf" title="Tom Wolf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tom Wolf</a> recognized Juneteenth as a holiday in the state.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[54]</span></sup> In 2020, state governors of Virginia, New York, and New Jersey signed an executive order recognizing Juneteenth as a paid day of leave for state employees.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[55]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[56]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[57]</span></sup> In 2021, the governor of Oregon signed an executive order recognizing Juneteenth as a paid day of leave for state employees.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[58]</span></sup> On June 16, 2021, Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/J._B._Pritzker" title="J. B. Pritzker" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">J. B. Pritzker</a> signed House Bill 3922, establishing Juneteenth as an paid state holiday starting in 2022;<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[59]</span></sup> since 2003, it had been a state ceremonial holiday in Illinois.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[6]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Activists had long been pushing Congress to recognize Juneteenth.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[60]</span></sup> Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[19]</span></sup> When it was officially made a federal holiday in June of 2021, it became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11), and Christmas Day (December 25). Juneteenth will coincide with <a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Father's Day</a> in 2022, 2033, 2039, 2044, and 2050.
</p>
<h4 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0px; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Pop culture and mass media</span></h4>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth_Flag.svg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Juneteenth_Flag.svg/220px-Juneteenth_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="740"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Juneteenth_Flag.svg/220px-Juneteenth_Flag.svg.png" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth_Flag.svg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Juneteenth Flag</div></div></div>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="A rectangle consisting of three horizontal bands of red, black, and green in descending order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>The Pan-African flag</div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Since the 1980s and 1990s, the holiday has been more widely celebrated among African-American communities and has seen increasing mainstream attention in the US.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[61]</span></sup> In 1991, there was an exhibition by the <a href="/wiki/Anacostia_Museum" title="Anacostia Museum" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Anacostia Museum</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Smithsonian Institution</a>) called “Juneteenth ’91, Freedom Revisited”.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[42]</span></sup> In 1994, a group of community leaders gathered at Christian Unity Baptist Church in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New Orleans</a> to work for greater national celebration of Juneteenth.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[61]</span></sup> Expatriates have celebrated it in cities abroad, such as Paris.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[62]</span></sup> Some US military bases in other countries sponsor celebrations, in addition to those of private groups.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[62]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[63]</span></sup> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ralph Ellison</a>'s novel <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth_(novel)" title="Juneteenth (novel)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth</a></i> was published, increasing recognition of the holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[64]</span></sup> By 2006, at least 200 cities celebrated the day.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[42]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">In 1997, activist Ben Haith created the Juneteenth flag, which was further refined by illustrator Lisa Jeanne Graf. In 2000, the flag was first hoisted at the <a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Heritage_State_Park" title="Roxbury Heritage State Park" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Roxbury Heritage State Park</a> in Boston by Haith.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[65]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[66]</span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-African flag</a> is also displayed during the holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[67]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">The holiday has gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in entertainment media, such as episodes of TV series <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_(TV_series)#ep9" title="Atlanta (TV series)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Atlanta</a></i> (2016)<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[68]</span></sup> and <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black-ish_(season_4)#Episodes" title="Black-ish (season 4)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black-ish</a></i> (2017),<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[69]</span></sup> the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday by <a href="/wiki/Aloe_Blacc" title="Aloe Blacc" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Aloe Blacc</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Roots" title="The Roots" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The Roots</a>,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[70]</span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fonzworth_Bentley" title="Fonzworth Bentley" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fonzworth Bentley</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[71]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[72]</span></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc." style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Apple</a> added Juneteenth to its calendars in <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">iOS</a> under official US holidays.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[73]</span></sup> Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as <a href="/wiki/Moments_of_silence" title="Moments of silence" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">moments of silence</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[74]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[75]</span></sup> In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, including <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Twitter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc." style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nike</a>, announced that they would treat Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[76]</span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Google Calendar</a> added Juneteenth to its US Holidays calendar.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[77]</span></sup> Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[78]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[79]</span></sup> either as a "day of reflection" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[79]</span></sup></p>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Wolf_Declares_%E2%80%9CJuneteenth_National_Freedom_Day%E2%80%9D_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Governor_Wolf_Declares_%E2%80%9CJuneteenth_National_Freedom_Day%E2%80%9D_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Governor_Wolf_Declares_%E2%80%9CJuneteenth_National_Freedom_Day%E2%80%9D_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Governor_Wolf_Declares_%E2%80%9CJuneteenth_National_Freedom_Day%E2%80%9D_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Governor_Wolf_Declares_%E2%80%9CJuneteenth_National_Freedom_Day%E2%80%9D_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Wolf_Declares_%E2%80%9CJuneteenth_National_Freedom_Day%E2%80%9D_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Governor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolf" title="Tom Wolf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tom Wolf</a> signing legislation to officially recognize Juneteenth in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pennsylvania</a> in 2019<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[80]</span></sup></div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">In 2020, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the worldwide protests sparked by the police <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">killing of George Floyd</a>, controversy ensued when <a href="/wiki/President_Donald_Trump" title="President Donald Trump" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">President Donald Trump</a> scheduled his first political rally since the pandemic's outbreak for Juneteenth in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>, site of the <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">1921 race massacre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_District,_Tulsa" title="Greenwood District, Tulsa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Greenwood district</a>. In response, he rescheduled the rally for the following day.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[81]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[82]</span></sup> In an interview with <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, Trump said, "I did something good: I made Juneteenth very famous. It’s actually an important event, an important time. But nobody had ever heard of it until I mentioned it."<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[83]</span></sup></p>
</section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-1" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">Legal observance</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth-US_Congresswoman_Sheila_Jackson_calls_for_national_holiday-2003-06-19.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Juneteenth-US_Congresswoman_Sheila_Jackson_calls_for_national_holiday-2003-06-19.jpg/220px-Juneteenth-US_Congresswoman_Sheila_Jackson_calls_for_national_holiday-2003-06-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1386"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Juneteenth-US_Congresswoman_Sheila_Jackson_calls_for_national_holiday-2003-06-19.jpg/220px-Juneteenth-US_Congresswoman_Sheila_Jackson_calls_for_national_holiday-2003-06-19.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juneteenth-US_Congresswoman_Sheila_Jackson_calls_for_national_holiday-2003-06-19.jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>United States Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jackson_Lee" title="Sheila Jackson Lee" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sheila Jackson Lee</a> campaigns for Juneteenth to be a federal holiday.</div></div></div>
<h3 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">National</span></h3>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">federal holiday</a> in the United States. On June 15, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">unanimously</a> passed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[84]</span></sup>, establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday; it subsequently passed through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">House of Representatives</a> by a 415–14 vote on June 16.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[85]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[86]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Joe Biden</a> signed the bill<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[87]</span></sup> on June 17, 2021, making Juneteenth the eleventh federal holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[88]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[89]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[3]</span></sup></p>
<h3 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">State and local</span></h3>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Recognition_of_Juneteenth_as_a_holiday_in_the_US_320.png" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Recognition_of_Juneteenth_as_a_holiday_in_the_US_320.png/220px-Recognition_of_Juneteenth_as_a_holiday_in_the_US_320.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Recognition_of_Juneteenth_as_a_holiday_in_the_US_320.png/220px-Recognition_of_Juneteenth_as_a_holiday_in_the_US_320.png" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Recognition_of_Juneteenth_as_a_holiday_in_the_US_320.png" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Recognition of Juneteenth as a holiday in the US by states, prior to the federal recognition in 2021 <p style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"> </span> Recognized before 2000</p><p style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"> </span> Recognized between 2000 and 2009</p><p style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"> </span> Recognized between 2010 and 2021</p></div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Most states recognize it in some way, either as a ceremonial observance or a state holiday. Texas was the first state to recognize the date, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized Juneteenth<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[90]</span></sup> and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[34]</span></sup> By 2008, nearly half of states observed the holiday as a ceremonial observance.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[91]</span></sup> By 2019, 47 states and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" title="District of Columbia" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">District of Columbia</a> recognized Juneteenth,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[92]</span></sup> although only one state (Texas) has adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[93]</span></sup> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Massachusetts</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Charles Baker</a> issued a proclamation that the day would be marked as "Juneteenth Independence Day". This followed the filing of bills by both the House and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on these bills specifically, but promised to grant the observance of Juneteenth greater importance.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[94]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">States that have not established Juneteenth as an observance or holiday include North Dakota and South Dakota.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[95]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[96]</span></sup> Governor Kristi Noem of South Dakota proclaimed June 19, 2020, as Juneteenth Day, spurring calls for it to be recognized annually, rather than just for 2020.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[97]</span></sup> Similarly, North Dakota Governor <a href="/wiki/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Doug Burgum</a> announced that the state would formally recognize Friday, June 19, 2020, as Juneteenth Day in North Dakota for the year 2020.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[98]</span></sup> The State of Hawaii has made some movement toward recognizing Juneteenth. In June of 2020, Hawaii's first African American <a href="/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_USA" title="Miss Hawaii USA" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Miss Hawaii USA</a>, Samantha Neyland, founded Hawaii for Juneteenth, a coalition and grassroots movement. Hawaii for Juneteenth lobbied the State Legislature into successfully passing SB 939, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wakai#:~:text=Glenn_S.,of_Representatives_District_31_seat." title="Glenn Wakai" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Senator Glenn Wakai</a>.
<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[99]</span></sup> In 2021 Illinois passed a law that will make Juneteeth a state holiday starting in 2022.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[100]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Some cities and counties have recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New York City</a> (as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021), although in 2022 it will be observed as a school holiday on June 20th.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[101]</span></sup> <sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[102]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cook County, Illinois</a>, adopted an ordinance to make Juneteenth a paid county holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[103]</span></sup> Also the <a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_Honolulu" title="City and County of Honolulu" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">City and County of Honolulu</a> recognizes it (as an "annual day of honor and reflection"),<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[104]</span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Portland, Oregon</a> (as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees).<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[105]</span></sup></p>
</section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-2" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">Celebrations</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Performers_demonstrate_traditional_African_song_and_dance.jpg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Performers_demonstrate_traditional_African_song_and_dance.jpg/220px-Performers_demonstrate_traditional_African_song_and_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Performers_demonstrate_traditional_African_song_and_dance.jpg/220px-Performers_demonstrate_traditional_African_song_and_dance.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Performers_demonstrate_traditional_African_song_and_dance.jpg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>Traditional African dance and music performed for Juneteenth, 2019</div></div></div>
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv/854px--What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="73.088004535147" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,280 × 720 (3.63 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="3627247" data-framerate="30"/></video></div>" style="max-width: 100%;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="File:What is Juneteenth video about the House Democrats.ogv" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv/220px--What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv.jpg"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv/220px--What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogv" title="Play media" target="new" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:What_is_Juneteenth_video_about_the_House_Democrats.ogg" title="Enlarge" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"></a></div>A video titled "What is Juneteenth?" by the <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">House Democratic Caucus</a>.</div></div></div>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">The holiday is considered the "longest-running African-American holiday"<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup> and has been called "America's second Independence Day". Juneteenth is usually celebrated on the third Saturday in June. Historian Mitch Kachun considers that celebrations of the end of slavery have three goals: "to celebrate, to educate, and to agitate".<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[106]</span></sup> Early celebrations consisted of <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">baseball</a>, fishing, and rodeos. African Americans were often prohibited from using public facilities for their celebrations, so they were often held at churches or near water. Celebrations were also characterized by elaborate large meals and people wearing their best clothing.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup> It was common for former slaves and their descendants to make a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">pilgrimage</a> to Galveston.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[42]</span></sup> As early festivals received news coverage, Janice Hume and Noah Arceneaux consider that they "served to assimilate African-American memories within the dominant 'American story'.<span style="max-width: 100%;"> </span>"<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[107]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Observance today is primarily in local celebrations.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[108]</span></sup> In many places, Juneteenth has become a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">multicultural</a> holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[109]</span></sup> Traditions include public readings of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, singing traditional songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot" title="Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Swing Low, Sweet Chariot</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>", and reading of works by noted <a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American writers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ralph Ellison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maya Angelou</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[108]</span></sup> Celebrations include picnics, <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">rodeos</a>, street fairs, cookouts, <a href="/wiki/Family_reunion" title="Family reunion" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">family reunions</a>, park parties, <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">historical reenactments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">blues</a> festivals and Miss Juneteenth contests.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[42]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[62]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[110]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[111]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drink_flavors" title="List of soft drink flavors" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Strawberry soda</a> is a traditional drink associated with the celebration.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[42]</span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mascogos</a>, the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Seminoles</a>, who have resided in <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mexico</a>, since 1852, also celebrate Juneteenth.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[112]</span></sup></p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth celebrations often include lectures and exhibitions on African-American culture.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[106]</span></sup> The modern holiday places much emphasis upon teaching about African-American heritage. Karen M. Thomas wrote in <i style="max-width: 100%;">Emerge</i> that "community leaders have latched on to [Juneteenth] to help instill a sense of heritage and pride in black youth." Celebrations are commonly accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Voter registration in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">voter registration efforts</a>, the performing of plays, and retelling stories.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[113]</span></sup> The holiday is also a celebration of <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">soul food</a> and other food with African-American influences. In <i style="max-width: 100%;">Tourism Review International</i>, Anne Donovan and Karen DeBres write that "Barbecue is the centerpiece of most Juneteenth celebrations".<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[114]</span></sup></p>
</section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-3" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">See also</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">History of African Americans in Texas</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Independence Day (United States)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Negro_Election_Day" title="Negro Election Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Negro Election Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Juneteenth" title="Miss Juneteenth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Miss Juneteenth</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Public holidays in the United States</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Serfs_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs Emancipation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Serfs Emancipation Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Slavery in the United States</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li></ul></div>
</section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-4" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">Notes</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><ol style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">observed on the previous Friday, June 18, 2021</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">A <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">portmanteau</a> of <i style="max-width: 100%;">June</i> and <i style="max-width: 100%;">nineteenth</i><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[1]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Slaves in Union hands had not been freed by the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Proclamation</a> due to the limited scope of presidential "war powers". See <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation#Coverage" title="Emancipation Proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Proclamation#Coverage</a> for more information.</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Unlike in Texas, where slavery grew during the war, in Kentucky, due largely to Union military measures and escapes to Union lines, the number of those enslaved fell by over 70%.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[30]</span></sup></span>
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</ol></div></div>
</section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-5" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">References</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><ol style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122071819/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/46366-juneteenth-celebrated-in-coachella.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth Celebrated in Coachella"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Black Voice News</i>. June 22, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/46366-juneteenth-celebrated-in-coachella.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">the original</a> on January 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Voice+News&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+Celebrated+in+Coachella&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackvoicenews.com%2Fnews%2F46366-juneteenth-celebrated-in-coachella.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/readex/doc?p=EANX&docref=image/v2%3A12A7AE31A7B3CA6B%40EANX-12BA74AAA9B9AFB8%402442576-12BA74AAB9BFAD18%401-12BA74ABAE646B48%40Cel-Liberation%2BStyle%2521%2BFourth%2BAnnual%2BJuneteenth%2BDay%2BKicks%2Boff%2BJune%2B19" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Cel-Liberation Style! Fourth Annual Juneteenth Day Kicks off June 19"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Milwaukee Star</i>. June 12, 1975<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">May 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Star&rft.atitle=Cel-Liberation+Style%21+Fourth+Annual+Juneteenth+Day+Kicks+off+June+19.&rft.date=1975-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoweb.newsbank.com%2Fapps%2Freadex%2Fdoc%3Fp%3DEANX%26docref%3Dimage%2Fv2%253A12A7AE31A7B3CA6B%2540EANX-12BA74AAA9B9AFB8%25402442576-12BA74AAB9BFAD18%25401-12BA74ABAE646B48%2540Cel-Liberation%252BStyle%252521%252BFourth%252BAnnual%252BJuneteenth%252BDay%252BKicks%252Boff%252BJune%252B19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-signs-law-bill-establishing-juneteenth-federal-holiday-n1271213" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Biden signs into law bill establishing Juneteenth as federal holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">NBC News</i>. June 17, 2021<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Biden+signs+into+law+bill+establishing+Juneteenth+as+federal+holiday&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Fbiden-signs-law-bill-establishing-juneteenth-federal-holiday-n1271213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/what-know-about-juneteenth-emancipation-holiday-n1231179" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"What to know about Juneteenth, the emancipation holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">NBC News</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=What+to+know+about+Juneteenth%2C+the+emancipation+holiday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fwhat-know-about-juneteenth-emancipation-holiday-n1231179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/juneteenth-our-other-independence-day-16340952/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth: Our Other Independence Day"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Smithsonian</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Juneteenth%3A+Our+Other+Independence+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fjuneteenth-our-other-independence-day-16340952%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Congressional Research Service</a> (June 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44865.pdf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth: Fact Sheet"</a> <span style="max-width: 100%;">(PDF)</span><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juneteenth%3A+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.au=Congressional+Research+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR44865.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/475" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">S. 475</a></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sign-bill-making-juneteenth-federal-holiday-commemorating/story?id=78335485" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday"</a>. June 17, 2021<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biden+signs+bill+making+Juneteenth%2C+marking+the+end+of+slavery%2C+a+federal+holiday&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fbiden-sign-bill-making-juneteenth-federal-holiday-commemorating%2Fstory%3Fid%3D78335485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">President Biden [@POTUS] (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/1405621303256698880" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth is officially a federal holiday"</a> (Tweet)<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juneteenth+is+officially+a+federal+holiday.&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.au=President+Biden+%5B%40POTUS%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FPOTUS%2Fstatus%2F1405621303256698880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Gates Jr., Henry Louis (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-is-juneteenth/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"What Is Juneteenth?"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">PBS.org</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Juneteenth%3F&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Gates+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fafrican-americans-many-rivers-to-cross%2Fhistory%2Fwhat-is-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Editors, History com. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/thirteenth-amendment" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"13th Amendment"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">History</i>. A&E Television Networks, LLC<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=13th+Amendment&rft.aulast=Editors&rft.aufirst=History+com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fblack-history%2Fthirteenth-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-emancipation-proclamation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"10 Facts: The Emancipation Proclamation"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">American Battlefield Trust</i>. American Battlefield Trust. August 9, 2012<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=10+Facts%3A+The+Emancipation+Proclamation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2F10-facts-emancipation-proclamation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Taylor, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-border-states.htm" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Border States (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">National Park Service</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=The+Border+States+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fthe-border-states.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.african-nativeamerican.com/8-chocfreed.htm" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Choctaw Freedmen of Oklahoma"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">www.african-nativeamerican.com</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.african-nativeamerican.com&rft.atitle=The+Choctaw+Freedmen+of+Oklahoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.african-nativeamerican.com%2F8-chocfreed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/being-texan/mexican-village-juneteenth-celebration/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Why This Mexican Village Celebrates Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Texas Monthly</i>. June 19, 2019<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=Why+This+Mexican+Village+Celebrates+Juneteenth&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Fbeing-texan%2Fmexican-village-juneteenth-celebration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.dailykos.com/story/2019/5/3/1848353/-Black-Kos-Remember-the-Mascogos-Afro-Indigenous-Mexican-Americans-for-Cinco-De-Mayo" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Black Kos, Remember the Mascogos, Afro-Indigenous-Mexican-Americans for Cinco De Mayo"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Daily Kos</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Kos&rft.atitle=Black+Kos%2C+Remember+the+Mascogos%2C+Afro-Indigenous-Mexican-Americans+for+Cinco+De+Mayo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstory%2F2019%2F5%2F3%2F1848353%2F-Black-Kos-Remember-the-Mascogos-Afro-Indigenous-Mexican-Americans-for-Cinco-De-Mayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Editors, The (June 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://daily.jstor.org/juneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth and the Emancipation Proclamation"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">JSTOR Daily</i> (in enUS)<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">May 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+and+the+Emancipation+Proclamation&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Editors&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fjuneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/preliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The National Archives</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Emancipation+Proclamation%2C+1862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Famerican_originals_iv%2Fsections%2Fpreliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">d</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-is-juneteenth/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"What Is Juneteenth?"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross</i>. PBS. Originally posted on <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Root</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">September 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+African+Americans%3A+Many+Rivers+to+Cross&rft.atitle=What+Is+Juneteenth%3F&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fafrican-americans-many-rivers-to-cross%2Fhistory%2Fwhat-is-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Barr (1996), p. 24.</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">d</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Garrett-Scott, Shennette (2013). "<span style="max-width: 100%;">"</span>When Peace Come": Teaching the Significance of Juneteenth". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Black History Bulletin</i>. <b style="max-width: 100%;">76</b> (2): 19–25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24759690" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">24759690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+History+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%22When+Peace+Come%22%3A+Teaching+the+Significance+of+Juneteenth&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19-25&rft.date=2013&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24759690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garrett-Scott&rft.aufirst=Shennette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-is-juneteenth/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"What Is Juneteenth?"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross</i>. PBS. Originally posted on <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Root</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">September 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+African+Americans%3A+Many+Rivers+to+Cross&rft.atitle=What+Is+Juneteenth%3F&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fafrican-americans-many-rivers-to-cross%2Fhistory%2Fwhat-is-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFI3AQAAIAAJ&q=%22this+involves+an+absolute+equality+of+personal+rights%22&pg=PA929" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Serial set (no.3100-3500)"</a>. July 20, 1896 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serial+set+%28no.3100-3500%29&rft.date=1896-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJFI3AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522this%2Binvolves%2Ban%2Babsolute%2Bequality%2Bof%2Bpersonal%2Brights%2522%26pg%3DPA929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Brown, DeNeen L. (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/18/juneteenth-holiday-history-slavery-george-floyd/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth celebrates 'a moment of indescribable joy': Slavery's end in Texas"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+celebrates+%27a+moment+of+indescribable+joy%27%3A+Slavery%27s+end+in+Texas&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=DeNeen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2020%2F06%2F18%2Fjuneteenth-holiday-history-slavery-george-floyd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.galvestonhistory.org/news/juneteenth-and-general-order-no-3" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth and General Order No. 3"</a>. June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juneteenth+and+General+Order+No.+3&rft.date=2021-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestonhistory.org%2Fnews%2Fjuneteenth-and-general-order-no-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/juneteenth.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Texas State Library and Archives Commission</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">July 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+State+Library+and+Archives+Commission&rft.atitle=Juneteenth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsl.state.tx.us%2Fref%2Fabouttx%2Fjuneteenth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Cotham, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.galvnews.com/opinion/guest_columns/article_73af8892-f75d-11e3-8626-001a4bcf6878.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth: Four myths and one great truth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Daily News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Juneteenth%3A+Four+myths+and+one+great+truth&rft.aulast=Cotham&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fguest_columns%2Farticle_73af8892-f75d-11e3-8626-001a4bcf6878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Galveston-unveils-long-awaited-Juneteenth-marker-5569640.php" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Galveston unveils long-awaited Juneteenth marker"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">HoustonChronicle.com</i>. June 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HoustonChronicle.com&rft.atitle=Galveston+unveils+long-awaited+Juneteenth+marker&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Fhouston%2Farticle%2FGalveston-unveils-long-awaited-Juneteenth-marker-5569640.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">d</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">e</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Wynn 2009</span>.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Harrison, Lowell H. (1983). "Slavery in Kentucky: A Civil War Casualty". <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Kentucky Review</i> (Fall ed.). <b style="max-width: 100%;">5</b> (1): 38–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kentucky+Review&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Kentucky%3A+A+Civil+War+Casualty&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-40&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Lowell+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Campbell, Randolph (1984). "The End of Slavery in Texas: A Research Note". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b style="max-width: 100%;">88</b> (1): 71–80. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/30239840" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">30239840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Slavery+in+Texas%3A+A+Research+Note&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-80&rft.date=1984&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30239840%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Randolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/readex/doc?p=EANX&docref=image/v2%3A12A7AE31A7B3CA6B%40EANX-12C56130F92C6210%402442226-12C5613126726070%404-12C561320D6419C0%40It%2BHappened%2B%253A%2BJune%2B19" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"It Happened: June 19"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Milwaukee Star, vol. 14, no. 42</i>. June 27, 1974<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">May 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Star%2C+vol.+14%2C+no.+42&rft.atitle=It+Happened%3A+June+19.&rft.date=1974-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoweb.newsbank.com%2Fapps%2Freadex%2Fdoc%3Fp%3DEANX%26docref%3Dimage%2Fv2%253A12A7AE31A7B3CA6B%2540EANX-12C56130F92C6210%25402442226-12C5613126726070%25404-12C561320D6419C0%2540It%252BHappened%252B%25253A%252BJune%252B19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49828863/fort-worth-star-telegram/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth Adds Continuity to Black Tradition"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</i>. June 13, 1976. p. 100<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 4,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" title="Newspapers.com" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="open access" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort+Worth+Star-Telegram&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+Adds+Continuity+to+Black+Tradition&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1976-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F49828863%2Ffort-worth-star-telegram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">d</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Wilson 2006</span>, p. 239.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Mustakeem 2007</span>.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">d</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">e</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">f</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">g</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Knight 2011</span>.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/comanche-crossing-lake-mexia-teen-drownings-juneteenth/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Ghosts of Comanche Crossing"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Texas Monthly</i>. May 24, 2021<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Ghosts+of+Comanche+Crossing&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fcomanche-crossing-lake-mexia-teen-drownings-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Adams, Luther (November 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFTlBHBFYvEC&q=west+coast+defense+%22great+migration%22&pg=PA15" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Way Up North in Louisville: African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930–1970</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807899434" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807899434" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0807899434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Way+Up+North+in+Louisville%3A+African+American+Migration+in+the+Urban+South%2C+1930%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.isbn=978-0807899434&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFTlBHBFYvEC%26q%3Dwest%2Bcoast%2Bdefense%2B%2522great%2Bmigration%2522%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Wiggins, Jr., William H. "Juneteenth: A Red Spot Day on the Texas Calendar". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth Texas</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Press" title="University of North Texas Press" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">University of North Texas Press</a>. pp. 237–254 – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" title="Project MUSE" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juneteenth%3A+A+Red+Spot+Day+on+the+Texas+Calendar&rft.btitle=Juneteenth+Texas&rft.pages=237-254&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.aulast=Wiggins%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Wilkerson, Isabel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y03WKII5m7QC" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration</i></a>. New York: Random House<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warmth+of+Other+Suns%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+America%27s+Great+Migration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY03WKII5m7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Emily Blanck, "Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016." <i style="max-width: 100%;">Western Historical Quarterly</i> 50.2 (2019): 85–112.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">d</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">e</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">f</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Jaynes 2005</span>.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Wiggins, William (June–July 1993). "Juneteenth: tracking the progress of an emancipation celebration". <i style="max-width: 100%;">American Visions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Visions&rft.atitle=Juneteenth%3A+tracking+the+progress+of+an+emancipation+celebration&rft.date=1993-06%2F1993-07&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Jackson, Angelique (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://variety.com/2021/politics/features/activist-opal-lee-juneteenth-holiday-1234998507/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Why 94-Year-Old Activist Opal Lee Marched to Make Juneteenth a National Holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Variety</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Why+94-Year-Old+Activist+Opal+Lee+Marched+to+Make+Juneteenth+a+National+Holiday&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Angelique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2021%2Fpolitics%2Ffeatures%2Factivist-opal-lee-juneteenth-holiday-1234998507%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Reynolds, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.galvnews.com/news/image_151ef2ae-1e20-52d4-bd52-2ed494ebe562.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth celebrated in Galveston"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Daily News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+celebrated+in+Galveston&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvnews.com%2Fnews%2Fimage_151ef2ae-1e20-52d4-bd52-2ed494ebe562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Evans, Thayer; Correspondent, Chronicle (June 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/baytown-news/article/Galveston-to-receive-Juneteenth-statue-1865656.php" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Galveston to receive Juneteenth statue"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Houston Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Galveston+to+receive+Juneteenth+statue&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Thayer&rft.au=Correspondent%2C+Chronicle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fneighborhood%2Fbaytown-news%2Farticle%2FGalveston-to-receive-Juneteenth-statue-1865656.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Rice, Harvey (June 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Houston-legislator-recalls-fight-for-Juneteenth-6336573.php" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Houston legislator recalls fight for Juneteenth holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Houston Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Houston+legislator+recalls+fight+for+Juneteenth+holiday&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Ftexas%2Farticle%2FHouston-legislator-recalls-fight-for-Juneteenth-6336573.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Scherer, Jasper (April 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Al-Edwards-former-state-rep-behind-bill-that-15234850.php" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Al Edwards, former state rep behind bill that created Juneteenth, dies at 83"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">HoustonChronicle.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HoustonChronicle.com&rft.atitle=Al+Edwards%2C+former+state+rep+behind+bill+that+created+Juneteenth%2C+dies+at+83&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Fhouston%2Farticle%2FAl-Edwards-former-state-rep-behind-bill-that-15234850.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">DeGrood, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_fa956b38-1302-50f5-8bd3-b5397bde61e6.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Galveston County Juneteenth events give voice to history, even amid pandemic"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Daily News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Galveston+County+Juneteenth+events+give+voice+to+history%2C+even+amid+pandemic&rft.aulast=DeGrood&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvnews.com%2Fnews%2Ffree%2Farticle_fa956b38-1302-50f5-8bd3-b5397bde61e6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Ferguson, John Wayne. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.galvnews.com/news/article_d8eab972-052d-5be2-a385-70b3c5b97918.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"After crises and loss, Juneteenth in Galveston 'feels different<span style="max-width: 100%;">'</span>"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Daily News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=After+crises+and+loss%2C+Juneteenth+in+Galveston+%27feels+different%27&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=John+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_d8eab972-052d-5be2-a385-70b3c5b97918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Dingus, Anne (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/independence-day/page/0/1" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Once a Texas-only holiday marking the end of slavery, Juneteenth is now celebrated nationwide with high spirits and hot barbecue"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Monthly" title="Texas Monthly" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas Monthly</a></i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">October 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=Once+a+Texas-only+holiday+marking+the+end+of+slavery%2C+Juneteenth+is+now+celebrated+nationwide+with+high+spirits+and+hot+barbecue&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Dingus&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Fstory%2Findependence-day%2Fpage%2F0%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://comptroller.texas.gov/about/holidays.php" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"State of Texas Holiday Schedule – Fiscal 2019"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">comptroller.texas.gov</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comptroller.texas.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+Texas+Holiday+Schedule+%E2%80%93+Fiscal+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomptroller.texas.gov%2Fabout%2Fholidays.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-resolution/175/text" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"S.Res.175 – A resolution observing Juneteenth Independence Day, June 19, 1865, the day on which slavery finally came to an end in the United States"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">United States Congress</i>. June 19, 2013<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=S.Res.175+%E2%80%93+A+resolution+observing+Juneteenth+Independence+Day%2C+June+19%2C+1865%2C+the+day+on+which+slavery+finally+came+to+an+end+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th-congress%2Fsenate-resolution%2F175%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2019/06/19/juneteenth-declared-state-holiday-in-pennsylvania/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth Now A State Holiday In Pennsylvania"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">CBS Pittsburgh</i>. June 19, 2019<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Pittsburgh&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+Now+A+State+Holiday+In+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpittsburgh.cbslocal.com%2F2019%2F06%2F19%2Fjuneteenth-declared-state-holiday-in-pennsylvania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/juneteenth-new-york-cuomo-declares-holiday-for-state-employees/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Cuomo declares Juneteenth a holiday for New York state employees"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">www.cbsnews.com</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Cuomo+declares+Juneteenth+a+holiday+for+New+York+state+employees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjuneteenth-new-york-cuomo-declares-holiday-for-state-employees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.governor.virginia.gov/media/governorvirginiagov/executive-actions/EO-66-Establishment-of-Juneteenth-as-a-State-Holiday.pdf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Virginia Executive Order 66 (2020)"</a> <span style="max-width: 100%;">(PDF)</span>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">www.governor.virginia.gov</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.governor.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=Virginia+Executive+Order+66+%282020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governor.virginia.gov%2Fmedia%2Fgovernorvirginiagov%2Fexecutive-actions%2FEO-66-Establishment-of-Juneteenth-as-a-State-Holiday.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nj.gov/governor/news/news/562020/20200910b.shtml/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Governor Murphy Signs Legislation Designating Juneteenth as a State and Public Holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">www.nj.gov</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">September 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nj.gov&rft.atitle=Governor+Murphy+Signs+Legislation+Designating+Juneteenth+as+a+State+and+Public+Holiday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.gov%2Fgovernor%2Fnews%2Fnews%2F562020%2F20200910b.shtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2021R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/HB2168/Enrolled" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Enrolled House Bill 2168"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enrolled+House+Bill+2168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folis.oregonlegislature.gov%2Fliz%2F2021R1%2FDownloads%2FMeasureDocument%2FHB2168%2FEnrolled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-politics/illinois-makes-juneteenth-an-official-state-holiday/2533722/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Illinois Makes Juneteenth an Official State Holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/WMAQ-TV" title="WMAQ-TV" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">WMAQ-TV</a></i>. June 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WMAQ-TV&rft.atitle=Illinois+Makes+Juneteenth+an+Official+State+Holiday&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcchicago.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fchicago-politics%2Fillinois-makes-juneteenth-an-official-state-holiday%2F2533722%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">E.H. Turner, . "Juneteenth: The Evolution of an Emancipation Celebration." <i style="max-width: 100%;">European Contributions to American Studies</i>. 65 (2006): 69–81.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Chandler, D.L. (June 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://newsone.com/2021601/juneteenth-history" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth: Celebrating The Early Moments Of Freedom Today"</a>. News One<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Juneteenth%3A+Celebrating+The+Early+Moments+Of+Freedom+Today&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsone.com%2F2021601%2Fjuneteenth-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">c</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Moskin, Julie (June 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/18/national/18june.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Late to Freedom's Party, Texans Spread Word of Black Holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The New York Times</a></i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">April 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Late+to+Freedom%27s+Party%2C+Texans+Spread+Word+of+Black+Holiday&rft.date=2004-06-18&rft.aulast=Moskin&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F06%2F18%2Fnational%2F18june.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.juneteenth.com/international.htm" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The World Celebrates Freedom"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth.com</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Juneteenth.com&rft.atitle=The+World+Celebrates+Freedom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juneteenth.com%2Finternational.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Guzzio 1999</span>.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Gagosz, Alexa (June 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/06/16/metro/what-does-juneteenth-flag-mean/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"What does the Juneteenth Flag mean?"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Boston Globe</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=What+does+the+Juneteenth+Flag+mean%3F&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=Gagosz&rft.aufirst=Alexa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2021%2F06%2F16%2Fmetro%2Fwhat-does-juneteenth-flag-mean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Kaur, Harmeet; Mullery, Will (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/freedom-day-juneteenth-flag-meaning-trnd/index.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Juneteenth flag is full of symbols. Here's what they mean"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">CNN</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+Juneteenth+flag+is+full+of+symbols.+Here%27s+what+they+mean&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Harmeet&rft.au=Mullery%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F06%2F19%2Fus%2Ffreedom-day-juneteenth-flag-meaning-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Woodard, Tiana (June 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/06/16/metro/lawmakers-raise-flag-honor-states-first-juneteenth/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Lawmakers raise flag in honor of state's first Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Boston Globe</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Lawmakers+raise+flag+in+honor+of+state%E2%80%99s+first+Juneteenth&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Tiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2021%2F06%2F16%2Fmetro%2Flawmakers-raise-flag-honor-states-first-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Ho, Rodney (October 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ajc.com/blog/radiotvtalk/atlanta-recap-juneteenth-season-episode/tM9R8tdDj9LKUIch1YVbPJ/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"FX's 'Atlanta' recap ('Juneteenth'): season 1, episode 9"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=FX%27s+%27Atlanta%27+recap+%28%27Juneteenth%27%29%3A+season+1%2C+episode+9&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fblog%2Fradiotvtalk%2Fatlanta-recap-juneteenth-season-episode%2FtM9R8tdDj9LKUIch1YVbPJ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Framke, Caroline (October 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.vox.com/fall-tv/2017/10/4/16418774/blackish-juneteenth-episode-season-3-premiere-recap" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Black-ish's musical episode about Juneteenth is a pointed lesson on American ignorance"</a>. Vox<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black-ish%27s+musical+episode+about+Juneteenth+is+a+pointed+lesson+on+American+ignorance&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft.aulast=Framke&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Ffall-tv%2F2017%2F10%2F4%2F16418774%2Fblackish-juneteenth-episode-season-3-premiere-recap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=68&v=M_FP7x322cc" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"I Am A Slave"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">YouTube</i>. ABC News<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=I+Am+A+Slave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ftime_continue%3D68%26v%3DM_FP7x322cc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzaUTbnh_CQ" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"We Built This"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">YouTube</i>. ABC Television Network<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=We+Built+This&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMzaUTbnh_CQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Butler, Berhonie (October 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/10/04/blackish-gives-a-powerful-history-lesson-with-nods-to-hamilton-and-schoolhouse-rock/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"<span style="max-width: 100%;">'</span>Blackish' gives a powerful history lesson – with nods to 'Hamilton' and 'Schoolhouse Rock<span style="max-width: 100%;">'</span>"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Washington Post</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Blackish%27+gives+a+powerful+history+lesson+%E2%80%93+with+nods+to+%27Hamilton%27+and+%27Schoolhouse+Rock%27&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Berhonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Fwp%2F2017%2F10%2F04%2Fblackish-gives-a-powerful-history-lesson-with-nods-to-hamilton-and-schoolhouse-rock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Ciaccia, Chris (February 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2018/02/16/apples-ical-calendar-mysteriously-deletes-easter.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Apple's iCal calendar mysteriously deletes Easter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fox News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple%27s+iCal+calendar+mysteriously+deletes+Easter&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft.aulast=Ciaccia&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Ftech%2F2018%2F02%2F16%2Fapples-ical-calendar-mysteriously-deletes-easter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Yelena Dzhanova, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/here-are-the-companies-observing-juneteenth-this-year.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Here's a running list of all the big companies observing Juneteenth this year</a>, CNBC (June 19, 2020).</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Clare Duffy, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/business/companies-observing-juneteenth/index.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">A growing number of companies are giving employees the day off to celebrate Juneteenth</a>, CNN Business (June 18, 2020).</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/juneteenth-holiday-company-trend-paid-time-off/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Starting the trend for making Juneteenth a company holiday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">CBS News</a><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starting+the+trend+for+making+Juneteenth+a+company+holiday&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjuneteenth-holiday-company-trend-paid-time-off%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/06/16/google-makes-juneteenth-an-official-google-calendar-holiday/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Google makes Juneteenth an official Google Calendar holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Android Police</i>. June 16, 2020<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Police&rft.atitle=Google+makes+Juneteenth+an+official+Google+Calendar+holiday&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidpolice.com%2F2020%2F06%2F16%2Fgoogle-makes-juneteenth-an-official-google-calendar-holiday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Greta Anderson, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/06/19/colleges-acknowledge-juneteenth-holiday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Growing Recognition of Juneteenth</a>, <i style="max-width: 100%;">Inside Higher Ed</i> (June 19, 2020).</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Laura Ly, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/20/us/juneteenth-official-holiday-nation/index.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Amid nationwide rallies and celebrations, more cities, states and universities designate Juneteenth as an official holiday</a>, CNN (June 20, 2020).</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/governor-wolf-declares-juneteenth-national-freedom-day-in-pennsylvania/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Governor Wolf Declares "Juneteenth National Freedom Day" in Pennsylvania"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Governor Tom Wolf</i>. June 19, 2019<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governor+Tom+Wolf&rft.atitle=Governor+Wolf+Declares+%22Juneteenth+National+Freedom+Day%22+in+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governor.pa.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fgovernor-wolf-declares-juneteenth-national-freedom-day-in-pennsylvania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Courtney Subramanian, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/11/trump-stirs-controversy-juneteenth-campaign-rally-tulsa/5341753002/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Trump stirs anger with plans for Juneteenth rally in Tulsa, site of huge massacre of African Americans</a>, <i style="max-width: 100%;">USA Today</i> (June 11, 2020).</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">DeNeen L. Brown, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/11/juneteenth-trump-rally-tulsa-race-massacre/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Trump rally in Tulsa, site of a race massacre, on Juneteenth was 'almost blasphemous,' historian says</a>, <i style="max-width: 100%;">Washington Post</i> (June 13, 2020).</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Bender, Michael (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-talks-juneteenth-john-bolton-economy-in-wsj-interview-11592493771" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Trump Talks Juneteenth, John Bolton, Economy in WSJ Interview"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Wall Street Journal</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Trump+Talks+Juneteenth%2C+John+Bolton%2C+Economy+in+WSJ+Interview&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftrump-talks-juneteenth-john-bolton-economy-in-wsj-interview-11592493771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/475" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"S.475 - Juneteenth National Independence Day Act"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Congressional Record 117th Congress (2021-2022)</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record+117th+Congress+%282021-2022%29&rft.atitle=S.475+-+Juneteenth+National+Independence+Day+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F117th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Ted Barrett; Ali Zaslav; Alex Rogers (June 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/15/politics/juneteenth-federal-holiday-senate-vote/index.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Senate unanimously passes a bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Senate+unanimously+passes+a+bill+making+Juneteenth+a+federal+holiday&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.au=Ted+Barrett&rft.au=Ali+Zaslav&rft.au=Alex+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F15%2Fpolitics%2Fjuneteenth-federal-holiday-senate-vote%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Annie Grayer; Daniella Diaz (June 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/16/politics/house-vote-juneteenth-federal-holiday-senate-passed-june-19/index.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Congress passes bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Congress+passes+bill+making+Juneteenth+a+federal+holiday&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.au=Annie+Grayer&rft.au=Daniella+Diaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F16%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-vote-juneteenth-federal-holiday-senate-passed-june-19%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/17/bill-signed-s-475/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Bill Signed: S. 475"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">White House Briefing Room - Statements and Releases</i>. June 18, 2021<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+House+Briefing+Room+-+Statements+and+Releases&rft.atitle=Bill+Signed%3A+S.+475&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2021%2F06%2F17%2Fbill-signed-s-475%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57493282" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth: US to add federal holiday marking end of slavery"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">BBC News</i>. June 17, 2021<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Juneteenth%3A+US+to+add+federal+holiday+marking+end+of+slavery&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-57493282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Broadwater, Luke (June 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/us/politics-news" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Bill to Make Juneteenth a Federal Holiday Heads to Biden's Desk"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The New York Times</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bill+to+Make+Juneteenth+a+Federal+Holiday+Heads+to+Biden%E2%80%99s+Desk&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=Broadwater&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flive%2F2021%2F06%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Dart, Bob (June 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52773158/juneteenth-crossing-nation/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth Crossing Nation"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Baltimore Sun</i>. pp. A2<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 4,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" title="Newspapers.com" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><noscript style="max-width: 100%;"><img alt="open access" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0.5em auto; display: block; height: auto;" data-unique-identifier=""></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+Crossing+Nation&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2002-06-19&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F52773158%2Fjuneteenth-crossing-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Cruz, Gilbert (June 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1815936,00.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"A Brief History of Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Time</a></i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">May 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Juneteenth&rft.date=2008-06-18&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1815936%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Rebecca Shabad, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-democrats-introduce-bill-make-juneteenth-federal-holiday-n1231550" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Senators propose bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday</a>, NBC News (June 19, 2020).</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Caleb Stewart, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Northam-to-designate-Juneteenth-a-state-holiday-for-Virginia-571296721.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Virginia likely to become the 2nd state marking Juneteenth as a state holiday</a>, WHSV (June 16, 2020).</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Reed, Jodi (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.wwlp.com/news/state-politics/ma-lawmakers-declare-juneteenth-as-state-holiday/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"MA lawmakers declare 'Juneteenth' as state holiday"</a>. WWLP.com<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MA+lawmakers+declare+%27Juneteenth%27+as+state+holiday&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwlp.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-politics%2Fma-lawmakers-declare-juneteenth-as-state-holiday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Fonrouge, Gabrielle (June 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://nypost.com/article/what-is-juneteenth/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"What is Juneteenth and who has made it an official holiday?"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">New York Post</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=What+is+Juneteenth+and+who+has+made+it+an+official+holiday%3F&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Fonrouge&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2Farticle%2Fwhat-is-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">MacDonald, Margie. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://billingsgazette.com/opinion/columnists/guest-view-montana-embraces-joyous-juneteenth/article_51fe992e-a82b-5d1a-9115-46d793288681.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Guest view: Montana embraces joyous Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Billings Gazette</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Billings+Gazette&rft.atitle=Guest+view%3A+Montana+embraces+joyous+Juneteenth&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Margie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillingsgazette.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fguest-view-montana-embraces-joyous-juneteenth%2Farticle_51fe992e-a82b-5d1a-9115-46d793288681.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Kaczke, Lisa; Huber, Makenzie. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/18/noem-issues-juneteenth-proclamation-some-south-dakotans-push-state-recognized-holiday/3212781001/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"As Noem issues Juneteenth proclamation, some South Dakotans push for state-recognized holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Argus Leader</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Argus+Leader&rft.atitle=As+Noem+issues+Juneteenth+proclamation%2C+some+South+Dakotans+push+for+state-recognized+holiday&rft.aulast=Kaczke&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Huber%2C+Makenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.argusleader.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F06%2F18%2Fnoem-issues-juneteenth-proclamation-some-south-dakotans-push-state-recognized-holiday%2F3212781001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">KFYR. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/North-Dakota-to-recognize-Juneteenth-Celebration-Day-571333781.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"North Dakota to recognize Juneteenth Celebration Day"</a>. KFYR-TV<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Dakota+to+recognize+Juneteenth+Celebration+Day&rft.pub=KFYR-TV&rft.au=KFYR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfyrtv.com%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2FNorth-Dakota-to-recognize-Juneteenth-Celebration-Day-571333781.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Star Advertiser</i>, April 2021.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Petrella, Dan; Yin, Alice (June 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-juneteenth-illinois-state-holiday-20210616-jr5avwasirchvazar4cipkcbcm-story.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth to Become Official State Holiday in Illinois Under Bill Signed into Law by Gov. J.B. Pritzker"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Chicago Tribune</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+to+Become+Official+State+Holiday+in+Illinois+Under+Bill+Signed+into+Law+by+Gov.+J.B.+Pritzker&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=Petrella&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Yin%2C+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fpolitics%2Fct-juneteenth-illinois-state-holiday-20210616-jr5avwasirchvazar4cipkcbcm-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53113555" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New York City declares Juneteenth an official holiday</a>, BBC News (June 19, 2020).</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/no-more-snow-days-nyc-schools-will-go-remote-severe-weather" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"No More Snow Days: NYC Schools Will Go Remote For Severe Weather"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">New York City, NY Patch</i>. May 4, 2021<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+City%2C+NY+Patch&rft.atitle=No+More+Snow+Days%3A+NYC+Schools+Will+Go+Remote+For+Severe+Weather&rft.date=2021-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fnew-york%2Fnew-york-city%2Fno-more-snow-days-nyc-schools-will-go-remote-severe-weather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://chicagodefender.com/cook-county-recognizes-juneteenth-as-a-paid-day-off-for-county-workers/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Cook County Recognizes Juneteenth as a Paid Day Off for County Workers"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Chicago Defender</i>. December 22, 2020<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Cook+County+Recognizes+Juneteenth+as+a+Paid+Day+Off+for+County+Workers&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagodefender.com%2Fcook-county-recognizes-juneteenth-as-a-paid-day-off-for-county-workers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.khon2.com/local-news/honolulu-to-officially-recognize-juneteenth/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Honolulu to officially recognize Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">KHON2</i>. June 19, 2020<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KHON2&rft.atitle=Honolulu+to+officially+recognize+Juneteenth&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khon2.com%2Flocal-news%2Fhonolulu-to-officially-recognize-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Madison Smalstig, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2020/06/city-of-portland-will-make-juneteenth-a-paid-holiday-day-of-remembrance.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">City of Portland will make Juneteenth a paid holiday, day of remembrance</a>, <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Oregonian</i> (June 2020).</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Hume & Arceneaux 2008</span>, p. 156.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Hume & Arceneaux 2008</span>, p. 159.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Taylor, 2002. pp. 28–29.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">Hume & Arceneaux 2008</span>, p. 158.</span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Taylor, Nicole (June 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/dining/juneteenth-food-slavery-abolition.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Hot Links and Red Drinks: The Rich Food Tradition of Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hot+Links+and+Red+Drinks%3A+The+Rich+Food+Tradition+of+Juneteenth&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F13%2Fdining%2Fjuneteenth-food-slavery-abolition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Acosta, Teresa Palomo (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lkj01" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Juneteenth"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Texas Historical Society</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">June 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Juneteenth&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=Teresa+Palomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Flkj01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/estados/2016/09/19/mascogos-siempre-listos-para-partir" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Mascogos. Siempre listos para partir"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">El Universal</i> (in Spanish). September 19, 2016<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">July 31,</span> 2017</span>. <q style="max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);">Sin embargo, la fiesta de la comunidad es el 19 de junio – el Juneteenth Day en Estados Unidos – el día que los esclavos de Galveston, Texas, supieron que eran libres.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Mascogos.+Siempre+listos+para+partir&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Farticulo%2Festados%2F2016%2F09%2F19%2Fmascogos-siempre-listos-para-partir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Thomas, Karen M. (June 1993). "Texas: Juneteenth Day". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Emerge</i>. <b style="max-width: 100%;">8</b> (4): 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerge&rft.atitle=Texas%3A+Juneteenth+Day&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1993-06&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Karen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Donovan, Anne; DeBres, Karen (2006). "Foods of Freedom: Juneteenth as a Culinary Tourist Attraction". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Tourism Review International</i>. <b style="max-width: 100%;">9</b> (4): 379–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.3727%2F154427206776330562" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">10.3727/154427206776330562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Review+International&rft.atitle=Foods+of+Freedom%3A+Juneteenth+as+a+Culinary+Tourist+Attraction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=379-389&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3727%2F154427206776330562&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=DeBres%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
</section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-6" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">Bibliography</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Barr, Alwyn (1996). <i style="max-width: 100%;">Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806128788" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806128788" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0806128788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Texans%3A+A+History+of+African+Americans+in+Texas%2C+1528%E2%80%931995&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0806128788&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Alwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Blanck, Emily. "Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016." <i style="max-width: 100%;">Western Historical Quarterly</i> 50.2 (2019): 85–112. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/whq/whz003" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">https://doi.org/10.1093/whq/whz003</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Cromartie, J. Vern. "Freedom Came at Different Times: A Comparative Analysis of Emancipation Day and Juneteenth Celebrations." <i style="max-width: 100%;">NAAAS Conference Proceedings. National Association of African American Studies,</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" href="https://blacfoundation.org/pdf/freedom-came-at-different-times.pdf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">online</a>.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Donovan, Anne, and Karen De Bres. "Foods of freedom: Juneteenth as a culinary tourist attraction." <i style="max-width: 100%;">Tourism Review International</i> 9.4 (2006): 379–389. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/tri/2006/00000009/00000004/art00006" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">link</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Gordon-Reid, Annette, "On Juneteenth", Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 9781631498831</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Guzzio, Tracie Church (1999). "Juneteenth". In Samuels, Wilford D. (ed.). <i style="max-width: 100%;">Encyclopedia of African-American Literature</i>. Facts on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juneteenth&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African-American+Literature&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Guzzio&rft.aufirst=Tracie+Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Hume, Noah; Arceneaux, Janice (2008). "Public Memory, Cultural Legacy, and Press Coverage of the Juneteenth Revival". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Journalism History</i>. <b style="max-width: 100%;">34</b> (3): 155–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.2008.12062768" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">10.1080/00947679.2008.12062768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142605823" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">142605823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=Public+Memory%2C+Cultural+Legacy%2C+and+Press+Coverage+of+the+Juneteenth+Revival&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-162&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.2008.12062768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142605823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Arceneaux%2C+Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Jaynes, Gerald David (2005). "Juneteenth". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Encyclopedia of African American Society</i>. Sage Publications. pp. 481–482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juneteenth&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Society&rft.pages=481-482&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jaynes&rft.aufirst=Gerald+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Knight, Gladys L. (2011). "Juneteenth". <i style="max-width: 100%;">Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture</i>. Greenwood. pp. 798–801. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/694734649" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">694734649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juneteenth&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=798-801&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F694734649&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Gladys+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Mustakeem, Sowandé (2007). "Juneteenth". In Rodriguez, Junius (ed.). <i style="max-width: 100%;">Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juneteenth&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Emancipation+and+Abolition+in+the+Transatlantic+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mustakeem&rft.aufirst=Sowand%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Taylor, Charles A. (2002). <i style="max-width: 100%;">Juneteenth: A Celebration of Freedom</i>. Open Hand Pub Llc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0940880689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0940880689" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0940880689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juneteenth%3A+A+Celebration+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Open+Hand+Pub+Llc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0940880689&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Turner, E. H. "Juneteenth: The Evolution of an Emancipation Celebration." <i style="max-width: 100%;">European Contributions to American Studies.</i> 65 (2006): 69–81.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Wiggins Jr, William H. "They Closed the Town Up, Man! Reflections on the Civic and Political Dimensions of Juneteenth." in <i style="max-width: 100%;">Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual</i>, ed. Victor Turner (1982): 284–295.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Wilson, Charles R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 4: Myth, Manners, and Memory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3029-1" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0-8078-3029-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">10.5149/9781469616704_wilson</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Culture%3A+Volume+4%3A+Myth%2C+Manners%2C+and+Memory&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5149%2F9781469616704_wilson%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3029-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5149%2F9781469616704_wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Wynn, Linda T. (2009). "Juneteenth". In Carney Smith, Jessica (ed.). <i style="max-width: 100%;">Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience</i>. Credo Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juneteenth&rft.btitle=Freedom+Facts+and+Firsts%3A+400+Years+of+the+African+American+Civil+Rights+Experience&rft.pub=Credo+Reference&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Linda+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuneteenth" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></li></ul></section><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span tabindex="0" role="button" aria-controls="content-collapsible-block-7" aria-expanded="false" style="max-width: 100%;">External links</span></h2><section style="max-width: 100%;">
<div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table role="presentation" style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;">
<td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Juneteenth" title="commons:Category:Juneteenth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth</a></span>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table role="presentation" style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;">
<td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">Look up <i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Juneteenth" title="wiktionary:Juneteenth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.juneteenth.com/history.htm" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth History</a>, website for Juneteenth World Wide Celebration</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/books/sick-from-freedom-by-jim-downs-about-freed-slaves.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jennifer Schuessler, "Liberation as Death Sentence"</a>, <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The New York Times</a></i>, June 11, 2012</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.berkeleyjuneteenth.org/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Berkeley Juneteenth Festival</a>, 2014 celebration</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44865.pdf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth: Fact Sheet</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Congressional Research Service</a> (updated June 3, 2020)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/juneteenth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth in United States</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.juneteenth.com/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth World Wide Celebration</a>, website for 150th anniversary celebration</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5507017991/print" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth Historical Marker</a>, Juneteenth historical marker at 2201 Strand, Galveston, TX 77550</li></ul>
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