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</style><title>Kwanzaa - Wikipedia</title><div class="original-url"><br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa</a><br><br></div><div id="article" role="article" style="-webkit-locale: "en"; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" class="system exported">
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<div class="page" style="text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%;"><h1 class="title" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.95552em; line-height: 1.2141em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: start; display: block; max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa</h1>
<div role="note" style="font-style: italic; max-width: 100%;">For the river in Angola, see <a href="/wiki/Cuanza_River" title="Cuanza River" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cuanza River</a>. For the currency, see <a href="/wiki/Angolan_kwanza" title="Angolan kwanza" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Angolan kwanza</a>. For the album by Albert Heath, see <a href="/wiki/Kwanza_(The_First)" title="Kwanza (The First)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kwanza (The First)</a>.</div>
<table class="auxiliary float right" style="width: 22em; max-width: 100%; display: block; clear: both; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: -apple-system-font; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65); font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse; float: none; margin-top: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.4em;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><th colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Kwanzaa</th></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><td colspan="2" style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanzaa_Candles-Kinara.svg" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-decoration: underline;"><img alt="Kwanzaa Candles-Kinara.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kwanzaa_Candles-Kinara.svg/240px-Kwanzaa_Candles-Kinara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kwanzaa_Candles-Kinara.svg/360px-Kwanzaa_Candles-Kinara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kwanzaa_Candles-Kinara.svg/480px-Kwanzaa_Candles-Kinara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="502" style="max-width: 100%; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0.5em 0px;" data-unique-identifier=""></a><div style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Seven candles in a <a href="/wiki/Kinara" title="Kinara" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-decoration: underline;">kinara</a> symbolize the seven principles of Kwanzaa</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Observed by</th><td style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-decoration: underline;">African Americans</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-decoration: underline;">African diaspora</a></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Type</th><td style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">Cultural and ethnic</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Significance</th><td style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">Celebrates African heritage, unity, and culture.</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Celebrations</th><td style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">Unity<br style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Creativity<br style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Faith<br style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Giving gifts</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Date</th><td style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);">December 26 to January 1</td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Related to</th><td style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-Africanism</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa</b> (<span style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">/<span style="max-width: 100%;"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows" style="max-width: 100%;">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'" style="max-width: 100%;">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'" style="max-width: 100%;">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'" style="max-width: 100%;">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'" style="max-width: 100%;">n</span><span title="/./: syllable break" style="max-width: 100%;">.</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'" style="max-width: 100%;">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'" style="max-width: 100%;">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an annual celebration of <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American culture</a> that is held from December 26 to January 1, culminating in a communal feast called <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Karamu_(feast)" title="Karamu (feast)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Karamu</a></i>, usually held on the 6th day.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[1]</span></sup> It was created by <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maulana Karenga</a>, based on African harvest festival traditions from various parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Africa</a>, including <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southeast Africa</a>. Kwanzaa was first celebrated in 1966.
</p>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="max-width: 100%;"><p style="max-width: 100%;"></p><h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;">Contents</h2><span style="max-width: 100%;"><label for="toctogglecheckbox" style="max-width: 100%;"></label></span><p></p>
<ul class="list-style-type-none" style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;">
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">1</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">History and etymology</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">2</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Nguzo Saba (The Seven Principles)</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">3</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Symbols</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">4</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Observances</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">5</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Adherence</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">6</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Recognition</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">7</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">See also</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">8</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">References</span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%; list-style-type: none; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">9</span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">External links</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">History and etymology</span></h2>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">American <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maulana Karenga</a> created Kwanzaa in 1966 during the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Watts riots</a><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[2]</span></sup> as a specifically African-American holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[3]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[4]</span></sup> Karenga said his goal was to "give blacks an alternative to the existing holiday of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Christmas</a> and give blacks an opportunity to celebrate themselves and their history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society."<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[5]</span></sup> For Karenga, a major figure in the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s, the creation of such holidays also underscored the essential premise that "you must have a cultural revolution before the violent revolution. The cultural revolution gives identity, purpose, and direction."<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[6]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">According to Karenga, the name Kwanzaa derives from the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Swahili</a> phrase <i style="max-width: 100%;">matunda ya kwanza</i>, meaning "first fruits".<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[7]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits_(Southern_Africa)" title="First Fruits (Southern Africa)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">First fruits</a> festivals exist in Southern Africa, celebrated in December/January with the <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">southern solstice</a>, and Karenga was partly inspired by an account he read of the Zulu festival <a href="/wiki/Umkhosi_Wokweshwama" title="Umkhosi Wokweshwama" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Umkhosi Wokweshwama</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[8]</span></sup> It was decided to spell the holiday's name with an additional "a" so that it would have a symbolic seven letters.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[9]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">During the early years of Kwanzaa, Karenga said it was meant to be an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Christmas</a>. He believed <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus#Opinions_challenging_the_sanity_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jesus was psychotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Christianity was a "White" religion</a> that Black people should shun.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[10]</span></sup> As Kwanzaa gained mainstream adherents, Karenga altered his position so practicing Christians would not be alienated, stating in the 1997 book <i style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community, and Culture</i> that "Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday."<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[11]</span></sup> Many African Americans who celebrate Kwanzaa do so in addition to observing Christmas.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[12]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">After its initial creation in California, Kwanzaa spread outside the United States.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[13]</span></sup>
</p>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%;">Nguzo Saba (The Seven Principles)</span></h2>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa celebrates what its founder called the seven principles of Kwanzaa, or <i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Nguzo Saba</b></i> (originally <i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Nguzu Saba</b></i> – the seven principles of African Heritage). They were developed in 1965, a year before Kwanzaa itself. These seven principles comprise <i style="max-width: 100%;">Kawaida</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Swahili</a> word meaning "common".
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa is dedicated to one of the principles, as follows:<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[14]</span></sup>
</p>
<ol style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Umoja</b></i> (Unity): To strive for and to maintain unity in the family, community, nation, and race.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Kujichagulia</b></i> (Self-determination): To define and name ourselves, as well as to create and speak for ourselves.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Ujima</b></i> (Collective work and responsibility): To build and maintain our community together and make our brothers' and sisters' problems our problems and to solve them together.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ujamaa</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_economics" title="Cooperative economics" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cooperative economics</a>): To build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Nia</b></i> (Purpose): To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Kuumba</b></i> (Creativity): To do always as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it.</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">Imani</b></i> (Faith): To believe with all our hearts in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders, and the righteousness and victory of our struggle.</li></ol>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Symbols</span></h2>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa celebratory symbols include a mat (<i style="max-width: 100%;">Mkeka</i>) on which other symbols are placed:
</p>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;">a <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kinara" title="Kinara" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kinara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Candlestick" title="Candlestick" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">candle holder</a> for seven candlesticks<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[15]</span></sup>)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Mishumaa Saba</i> (seven candles)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">mazao</i> (crops)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Mahindi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">corn</a>), to represent the children celebrating (and corn may be part of the holiday meal).<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[16]</span></sup></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">a <i style="max-width: 100%;">Kikombe cha Umoja</i> (unity cup) for commemorating and giving <i style="max-width: 100%;">shukrani</i> (thanks) to African Ancestors</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Zawadi</i> (gifts).</li></ul>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Supplemental representations include a Nguzo Saba poster,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[17]</span></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">black, red, and green</a> <i style="max-width: 100%;">bendera</i> (flag), and African books and artworks—all to represent values and concepts reflective of African culture and contribution to community building and reinforcement.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[18]</span></sup>
</p>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Observances</span></h2>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">Families celebrating Kwanzaa decorate their households with objects of art, colorful African cloth such as <a href="/wiki/Kente" title="Kente" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">kente</a>, especially the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)" title="Wrapper (clothing)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">kaftans</a> by women, and fresh fruits that represent African idealism. It is customary to include children in Kwanzaa ceremonies and to give respect and gratitude to ancestors. <a href="/wiki/Libations" title="Libations" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Libations</a> are shared, generally with a common chalice, <i style="max-width: 100%;">Kikombe cha Umoja</i>, passed around to all celebrants. Non-African Americans also celebrate Kwanzaa.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[19]</span></sup> The holiday greeting is "Joyous Kwanzaa".<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[20]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[21]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[22]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">A Kwanzaa ceremony may include drumming and musical selections, libations, a reading of the African Pledge and the Principles of Blackness, reflection on the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colors" title="Pan-African colors" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-African colors</a>, a discussion of the African principle of the day or a chapter in African history, a candle-lighting ritual, artistic performance, and, finally, a feast of faith (<a href="/wiki/Karamu_(feast)" title="Karamu (feast)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Karamu Ya Imani</a>).<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[23]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[24]</span></sup> The greeting for each day of Kwanzaa is <i style="max-width: 100%;">Habari Gani?</i>,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[25]</span></sup> which is Swahili for "How are you?"<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[26]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">At first, observers of Kwanzaa avoided the mixing of the holiday or its symbols, values, and practice with other holidays, as doing so would violate the principle of <i style="max-width: 100%;">kujichagulia</i> (self-determination) and thus violate the integrity of the holiday, which is partially intended as a reclamation of important African values. Today, some African American families celebrate Kwanzaa along with <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New Year</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[27]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Cultural exhibitions include the Spirit of Kwanzaa, an annual celebration held at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Interpretive_dance" title="Interpretive dance" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">interpretive dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African dance</a>, song and poetry.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[28]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[29]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[30]</span></sup>
</p>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Adherence</span></h2>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">The popularity of celebration of Kwanzaa has declined with the waning of the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Black_separatist" title="Black separatist" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">black separatist</a> movement.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[31]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[32]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[33]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[34]</span></sup> Kwanzaa observation has declined in both community and commercial contexts.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[35]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[36]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[37]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">University of Minnesota</a> Professor Keith Mayes did not report exact figures, noting that it is also difficult to determine these for the three other main African-American holidays.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[38]</span></sup> Mayes added that <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">White</a> institutions now celebrate it.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[19]</span></sup>
</p>
<p style="max-width: 100%;">The <a href="/wiki/National_Retail_Federation" title="National Retail Federation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Retail Federation</a> has sponsored a marketing survey on winter holidays since 2004, and in 2015 found that 1.9% of those polled planned to celebrate Kwanzaa—about six million people in the United States.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[39]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">Starting in the 1990s, the holiday became increasingly commercialized, with the first <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hallmark Card</a> being sold in 1992,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[40]</span></sup> and there has been concern about this damaging the holiday's values.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[41]</span></sup>
</p>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">Recognition</span></h2>
<p style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Meštrović" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Stjepan Meštrović</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">sociology</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas A&M University</a>, sees Kwanzaa as an example of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">postmodernism</a>. According to Meštrović, post-modernists in modern society may view "real" traditions as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">racist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">sexist</a> or otherwise oppressive, but since living in a world where nothing is true is too terrifying to most people, "nice" and "synthetic" traditions like Kwanzaa have been created to cope with the <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">nihilistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">individualistic</a> modern society.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[42]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maya Angelou</a> narrated a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">documentary film</a> about Kwanzaa, <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Candle" title="The Black Candle" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The Black Candle</a></i>, written and directed by <a href="/wiki/M.K._Asante_Jr." title="M.K. Asante Jr." style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">M.K. Asante Jr.</a> and featuring <a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Chuck D</a>.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[43]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[44]</span></sup>
</p><p style="max-width: 100%;">The first Kwanzaa stamp, designed by <a href="/wiki/Synthia_Saint_James" title="Synthia Saint James" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Synthia Saint James</a>, was issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office" title="United States Post Office" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States Post Office</a> in 1997, and in the same year <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Bill Clinton</a> gave the first presidential declaration marking the holiday.<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[45]</span></sup><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[46]</span></sup> Subsequent presidents <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">George W. Bush</a>,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[47]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Barack Obama</a>,<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[48]</span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Donald Trump</a><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;">[49]</span></sup> also issued greetings to celebrate Kwanzaa.
</p>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">See also</span></h2>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Dashiki</a> – a shirt or suit worn during Kwanzaa and other occasions</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_holidays" title="American holidays" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American holidays</a></li></ul>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">References</span></h2>
<div style="max-width: 100%;">
<div style="max-width: 100%;"><ol style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-MY8I_kwJY&list=PLJMZrovNFcP-idSz-hriEx3xaSXWNtpBw&index=1&ab_channel=AHSSociety" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Why Kwanzaa Video"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maulana Karenga</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/c-MY8I_kwJY" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maulana+Karenga&rft.atitle=Why+Kwanzaa+Video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dc-MY8I_kwJY%26list%3DPLJMZrovNFcP-idSz-hriEx3xaSXWNtpBw%26index%3D1%26ab_channel%3DAHSSociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Wilde, Anna Day. "Mainstreaming Kwanzaa." Public Interest 119 (1995): 68–80.</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Alexander, Ron (December 30, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00B1EFD395C0C738FDDAB0994DB484D81" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Evening Hours"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The New York Times</a></i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Evening+Hours&rft.date=1983-12-30&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Frestricted%2Farticle%3Fres%3DF00B1EFD395C0C738FDDAB0994DB484D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Ham, Mary Katharine. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://townhall.com/tipsheet/marykatharineham/2005/12/27/my-rocky-relationship-with-kwanzaa-n685157" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"My Rocky Relationship With Kwanzaa"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Townhall</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Townhall&rft.atitle=My+Rocky+Relationship+With+Kwanzaa&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Mary+Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Ftipsheet%2Fmarykatharineham%2F2005%2F12%2F27%2Fmy-rocky-relationship-with-kwanzaa-n685157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://media.www.brookhavencourier.com/media/storage/paper807/news/2008/11/24/News/Kwanzaa.Celebrates.Culture.Principles-3560412.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kwanzaa celebrates culture, principles</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708095122/http://media.www.brookhavencourier.com/media/storage/paper807/news/2008/11/24/News/Kwanzaa.Celebrates.Culture.Principles-3560412.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Archived</a> July 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Mayes, Keith A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhgk72OGBRYC&pg=PA52" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition</i></a>. pp. 63–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415998550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415998550" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0415998550</bdi></a><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa%3A+Black+Power+and+the+Making+of+the+African-American+Holiday+Tradition&rft.pages=63-65&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415998550&rft.aulast=Mayes&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVhgk72OGBRYC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Holly Hartman. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.infoplease.com/spot/kwanzaa1.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Kwanzaa – Honoring the values of ancient African cultures"</a>. Infoplease.com<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">October 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa+%E2%80%93+Honoring+the+values+of+ancient+African+cultures&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft.au=Holly+Hartman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fspot%2Fkwanzaa1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Mayes, Keith A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGCOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition</i></a>. Routledge. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135284008" title="Special:BookSources/9781135284008" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">9781135284008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa%3A+Black+Power+and+the+Making+of+the+African-American+Holiday+Tradition&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135284008&rft.aulast=Mayes&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGCOAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Mayes, Keith A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWCOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition</i></a>. Routledge. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135284015" title="Special:BookSources/9781135284015" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">9781135284015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa%3A+Black+Power+and+the+Making+of+the+African-American+Holiday+Tradition&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135284015&rft.aulast=Mayes&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWCOAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Karenga, Maulana (1967). "Religion". In Clyde Halisi, James Mtume. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Quotable Karenga</i>. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press. pp. 25. 23769.8.</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Karenga, Maulana (1997). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/kwanzaacelebrati00kare_0/page/121" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture</i></a>. University of Sankore Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/kwanzaacelebrati00kare_0/page/121" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0943412214" title="Special:BookSources/978-0943412214" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0943412214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa%3A+A+Celebration+of+Family%2C+Community+and+Culture&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+Sankore+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0943412214&rft.aulast=Karenga&rft.aufirst=Maulana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkwanzaacelebrati00kare_0%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Williams, Lena (December 20, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/20/garden/in-blacks-homes-the-christmas-and-kwanzaa-spirits-meet.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"In Blacks' Homes, the Christmas and Kwanzaa Spirits Meet"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The New York Times</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">May 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Blacks%27+Homes%2C+the+Christmas+and+Kwanzaa+Spirits+Meet&rft.date=1990-12-20&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F12%2F20%2Fgarden%2Fin-blacks-homes-the-christmas-and-kwanzaa-spirits-meet.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kwanzaa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Kwanzaa – African-American Holiday"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">January 6,</span> 2020</span>. <q style="max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);">Although Kwanzaa is primarily an African American holiday, it has also come to be celebrated outside the United States, particularly in the Caribbean and other countries where there are large numbers of descendants of Africans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kwanzaa+%E2%80%93+African-American+Holiday&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKwanzaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Karenga, Maulana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231203612/http://officialkwanzaawebsite.org/NguzoSaba.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Nguzo Saba"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Official Kwanzaa Web Site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/NguzoSaba.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">the original</a> on December 31, 2019<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Kwanzaa+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Nguzo+Saba&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Karenga&rft.aufirst=Maulana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialkwanzaawebsite.org%2FNguzoSaba.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kinara" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Definition of KINARA"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">www.merriam-webster.com</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+KINARA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkinara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Raabe, Emily (2001). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/kwanzaaholidayco0000raab/page/12" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">A Kwanzaa Holiday Cookbook</i></a>. Rosen Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/kwanzaaholidayco0000raab/page/12" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823956296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823956296" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0823956296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kwanzaa+Holiday+Cookbook&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0823956296&rft.aulast=Raabe&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkwanzaaholidayco0000raab%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Angaza, Maitefa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/kwanzaafromholid0000anga/page/56" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa – From Holiday to Every Day: A complete guide for making Kwanzaa a part of your life</i></a>. New York: Dafina Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/kwanzaafromholid0000anga/page/56" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0758216656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0758216656" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0758216656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa+%E2%80%93+From+Holiday+to+Every+Day%3A+A+complete+guide+for+making+Kwanzaa+a+part+of+your+life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Dafina+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0758216656&rft.aulast=Angaza&rft.aufirst=Maitefa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkwanzaafromholid0000anga%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204005052/http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/symbols.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Symbols of Kwanzaa"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Official Kwanzaa Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/symbols.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">the original</a> on December 4, 2016<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">January 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Kwanzaa+Website&rft.atitle=The+Symbols+of+Kwanzaa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialkwanzaawebsite.org%2Fsymbols.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">^ <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">a</b></i></sup></span> <span class="converted-anchor" style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;">b</b></i></sup></span></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Scott, Megan K. (December 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2009/12/kwanzaa_celebrations_continue.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Kwanzaa celebrations continue, but boom is over, popularity fading"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Plain Dealer</i>. Associated Press<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Kwanzaa+celebrations+continue%2C+but+boom+is+over%2C+popularity+fading&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Megan+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fnation%2Findex.ssf%2F2009%2F12%2Fkwanzaa_celebrations_continue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Bush, George W. (December 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/12/20041223-2.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Presidential Kwanzaa Message, 2004"</a>. Office of the Press Secretary<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Kwanzaa+Message%2C+2004&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft.date=2004-12-23&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2004%2F12%2F20041223-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/23/message/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Clinton offers holiday messages"</a>. CNN. December 23, 1997<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clinton+offers+holiday+messages&rft.date=1997-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1997%2F12%2F23%2Fmessage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Gale, Elaine (December 26, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/37610058.html?dids=37610058:37610058&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+26%2C+1998&author=ELAINE+GALE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Appeal+of+Kwanzaa+Continues+to+Grow%3B+Holidays%3A+Today+marks+start+of+the+seven-day+celebration+of+African+culture%2C+which+began+in+Watts+32+years+ago+and+is+now+observed+by+millions.&pqatl=google" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Appeal of Kwanzaa continues to grow; holidays: today marks start of the seven-day celebration of African culture, which began in Watts 32 years ago and is now observed by millions"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Los Angeles Times</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Appeal+of+Kwanzaa+continues+to+grow%3B+holidays%3A+today+marks+start+of+the+seven-day+celebration+of+African+culture%2C+which+began+in+Watts+32+years+ago+and+is+now+observed+by+millions.&rft.date=1998-12-26&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F37610058.html%3Fdids%3D37610058%3A37610058%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DDec%2B26%252C%2B1998%26author%3DELAINE%2BGALE%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26desc%3DAppeal%2Bof%2BKwanzaa%2BContinues%2Bto%2BGrow%253B%2BHolidays%253A%2BToday%2Bmarks%2Bstart%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bseven-day%2Bcelebration%2Bof%2BAfrican%2Bculture%252C%2Bwhich%2Bbegan%2Bin%2BWatts%2B32%2Byears%2Bago%2Band%2Bis%2Bnow%2Bobserved%2Bby%2Bmillions.%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Johnson, James W.; Johnson, F. Francis; Slaughter, Ronald L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Nguzo_Saba_and_the_Festival_of_First/l97ZAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">The Nguzo Saba and the Festival of Fruits</i></a>. Gumbs & Thomas Publishers. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780936073200" title="Special:BookSources/9780936073200" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">9780936073200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nguzo+Saba+and+the+Festival+of+Fruits&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Gumbs+%26+Thomas+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780936073200&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+F.+Francis&rft.au=Slaughter%2C+Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Nguzo_Saba_and_the_Festival_of_First%2Fl97ZAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.epicurious.com/archive/holidays/kwanzaa/feast" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"A Great Kwanzaa Feast - Kwanzaa | Epicurious.com"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Epicurious</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epicurious&rft.atitle=A+Great+Kwanzaa+Feast+-+Kwanzaa+%26%23124%3B+Epicurious.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Farchive%2Fholidays%2Fkwanzaa%2Ffeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204005015/http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/greetings_and.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Founder's Message 2000"</a>. The Official Kwanzaa Web Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/greetings_and.shtml" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">the original</a> on December 4, 2016<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founder%27s+Message+2000&rft.pub=The+Official+Kwanzaa+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialkwanzaawebsite.org%2Fgreetings_and.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/swahili.php" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Useful Swahili phrases"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Omniglot.com</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Useful+Swahili+phrases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Flanguage%2Fphrases%2Fswahili.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/kwanzaa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Kwanzaa (until Jan 1) in the United States"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Timeanddate.com</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Kwanzaa+%28until+Jan+1%29+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fholidays%2Fus%2Fkwanzaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showEvent&past=true&event=RHXAP" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Spirit of Kwanzaa – The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Kennedy-center.org</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kennedy-center.org&rft.atitle=The+Spirit+of+Kwanzaa+%E2%80%93+The+John+F.+Kennedy+Center+for+the+Performing+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedy-center.org%2Fcalendar%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3DshowEvent%26past%3Dtrue%26event%3DRHXAP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010221084040/http://www.danceinstitute.org/aboutus3g.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Dance Institute of Washington"</a>. February 21, 2001. Archived from the original on February 21, 2001<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">October 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dance+Institute+of+Washington&rft.date=2001-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danceinstitute.org%2Faboutus3g.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019032411/http://usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2004/sr04_070.htm" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Kwanzaa Featured on This Year's Holiday U.S. Postage Stamp"</a>. October 19, 2004. Archived from the original on October 19, 2004<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">October 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa+Featured+on+This+Year%27s+Holiday+U.S.+Postage+Stamp&rft.date=2004-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusps.com%2Fcommunications%2Fnews%2Fstamps%2F2004%2Fsr04_070.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Stanley, Sharon (2017). <i style="max-width: 100%;">An impossible dream? : racial integration in the United States</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190639976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190639976" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">978-0190639976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+impossible+dream%3F+%3A+racial+integration+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190639976&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Hall, Raymond (1977). <i style="max-width: 100%;">Black separatism and social reality : rhetoric and reason</i>. New York: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080195100" title="Special:BookSources/9780080195100" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">9780080195100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+separatism+and+social+reality+%3A+rhetoric+and+reason&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780080195100&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">Dattel, Gene. "Separatism vs. Integration: Can Separate Ever Be Equal?." Academic Questions 32, no. 4 (2019): 476-486.</span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/12/28/168202864/is-kwanzaa-still-a-thing" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Is Kwanzaa Still A Thing?"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">NPR.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Is+Kwanzaa+Still+A+Thing%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F12%2F28%2F168202864%2Fis-kwanzaa-still-a-thing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Fantozzi, Madison. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theledger.com/news/20161225/polk-events-celebrate-values-of-african-culture" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Polk events celebrate values of African culture"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Ledger</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ledger&rft.atitle=Polk+events+celebrate+values+of+African+culture&rft.aulast=Fantozzi&rft.aufirst=Madison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theledger.com%2Fnews%2F20161225%2Fpolk-events-celebrate-values-of-african-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.npr.org/2013/01/01/168388526/significances-of-kwanzaa-changes-over-the-years" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Significance Of Kwanzaa Changes Over The Years"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">NPR.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Significance+Of+Kwanzaa+Changes+Over+The+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F01%2F01%2F168388526%2Fsignificances-of-kwanzaa-changes-over-the-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Schumacher-Matos, Edward (January 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/publiceditor/2013/01/07/168644973/gaining-or-losing-credibility-by-humanizing-a-reporter-a-kwanzaa-story" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Gaining Or Losing Credibility By Humanizing A Reporter: A Kwanzaa Story"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">NPR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Gaining+Or+Losing+Credibility+By+Humanizing+A+Reporter%3A+A+Kwanzaa+Story&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft.aulast=Schumacher-Matos&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fpubliceditor%2F2013%2F01%2F07%2F168644973%2Fgaining-or-losing-credibility-by-humanizing-a-reporter-a-kwanzaa-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Mayes, Keith (2009). <span title="Free registration required" style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/kwanzaablackpowe00maye" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa : black power and the making of the African-American holiday tradition</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. pp. 210, 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415998550" title="Special:BookSources/9780415998550" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><bdi style="max-width: 100%;">9780415998550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa+%3A+black+power+and+the+making+of+the+African-American+holiday+tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=210%2C+274&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780415998550&rft.aulast=Mayes&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkwanzaablackpowe00maye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://nrf.com/sites/default/files/Images/Media%20Center/Holiday%20%231%202015.pdf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Prosper Insights & Analytics™, Monthly Consumer Survey"</a> <span style="max-width: 100%;">(PDF)</span>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">National Retail Federation</i>. October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Retail+Federation&rft.atitle=Prosper+Insights+%26+Analytics%E2%84%A2%2C+Monthly+Consumer+Survey&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnrf.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FImages%2FMedia%2520Center%2FHoliday%2520%25231%25202015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">[<i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020" style="max-width: 100%;">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Martin, Douglas (December 20, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/20/nyregion/the-marketing-of-kwanzaa-black-american-holiday-earns-dollars-causing-concern.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Marketing of Kwanzaa; Black American Holiday Earns Dollars, Causing Concern"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">0362-4331</a><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Marketing+of+Kwanzaa%3B+Black+American+Holiday+Earns+Dollars%2C+Causing+Concern&rft.date=1993-12-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F12%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fthe-marketing-of-kwanzaa-black-american-holiday-earns-dollars-causing-concern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
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<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://billingsgazette.com/lifestyles/commercialized-kwanzaa-worries-enthusiasts/article_5514246b-bfd0-575f-9937-f2c004850b63.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Commercialized Kwanzaa worries enthusiasts"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">The Billings Gazette</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Billings+Gazette&rft.atitle=Commercialized+Kwanzaa+worries+enthusiasts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillingsgazette.com%2Flifestyles%2Fcommercialized-kwanzaa-worries-enthusiasts%2Farticle_5514246b-bfd0-575f-9937-f2c004850b63.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">S.G. Mestrovic (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=ltc" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Postemotional Law"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Ro.uow.edu.au</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ro.uow.edu.au&rft.atitle=Postemotional+Law&rft.date=2000-01&rft.au=S.G.+Mestrovic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1033%26context%3Dltc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=98278817" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Kwanzaa Celebration Captured In 'Black Candle<span style="max-width: 100%;">'</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" title="National Public Radio" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Public Radio</a>. December 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwanzaa+Celebration+Captured+In+%27Black+Candle%27&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Ftranscript%2Ftranscript.php%3FstoryId%3D98278817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.essence.com/2009/12/26/chuck-d-and-maya-angelou-in-kwanzaa-docu" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Chuck D and Maya Angelou in Kwanzaa Documentary"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Essence_(magazine)" title="Essence (magazine)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Essence</a></i>. December 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essence&rft.atitle=Chuck+D+and+Maya+Angelou+in+Kwanzaa+Documentary&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essence.com%2F2009%2F12%2F26%2Fchuck-d-and-maya-angelou-in-kwanzaa-docu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103648/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53734" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"William J. Clinton: Message on the Observance of Kwanzaa, 1997"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53734" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">the original</a> on December 31, 2017<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=William+J.+Clinton%3A+Message+on+the+Observance+of+Kwanzaa%2C+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D53734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;">Pleck, Elizabeth (2001). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315195135/http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/backtoafrica/documents/pleck1.pdf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Kwanzaa: The Making of a Black Nationalist Tradition, 1966–1990"</a> <span style="max-width: 100%;">(PDF)</span>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">Journal of American Ethnic History</i>. <b style="max-width: 100%;">20</b> (4): 3–28. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/27502744" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">27502744</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/backtoafrica/documents/pleck1.pdf" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">the original</a> <span style="max-width: 100%;">(PDF)</span> on March 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Ethnic+History&rft.atitle=Kwanzaa%3A+The+Making+of+a+Black+Nationalist+Tradition%2C+1966%E2%80%931990&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-28&rft.date=2001&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27502744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pleck&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.duke.edu%2F~ldbaker%2Fclasses%2Fbacktoafrica%2Fdocuments%2Fpleck1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/12/20041223-2.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Presidential Kwanzaa Message, 2004"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov</i><span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Presidential+Kwanzaa+Message%2C+2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2004%2F12%2F20041223-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/12/26/statement-president-and-first-lady-kwanzaa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"Statement by the President and the First Lady on Kwanzaa"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;">whitehouse.gov</i>. December 26, 2015<span style="max-width: 100%;">. Retrieved <span style="max-width: 100%;">December 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+by+the+President+and+the+First+Lady+on+Kwanzaa&rft.date=2015-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2015%2F12%2F26%2Fstatement-president-and-first-lady-kwanzaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span></span>
</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><b style="max-width: 100%;"></b></span> <span style="max-width: 100%;">"<a rel="nofollow" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/presidential-message-kwanzaa-2/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Presidential Message on Kwanzaa</a>", Whitehouse.gov, December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.43em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;">External links</span></h2>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1204882/" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><i style="max-width: 100%;">The Black Candle</i>: a Kwanzaa film narrated by Maya Angelou</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/kwanzaa.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Why Kwanzaa was created by Karenga</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230082328/http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/kwanzaa.html" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Archived</a> December 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/kwanzaa-history" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The History Channel: Kwanzaa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><cite style="max-width: 100%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1571259" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">"The Meaning of Kwanzaa in 2003"</a>. <i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Tavis_Smiley_Show" title="The Tavis Smiley Show" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The Tavis Smiley Show</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">NPR</a>. December 26, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tavis+Smiley+Show&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Kwanzaa+in+2003&rft.date=2003-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D1571259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanzaa" style="max-width: 100%;"></span> Interview: Karenga discusses the evolution of the holiday and its meaning.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism" class="clear" style="max-width: 100%; clear: both;"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="col" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="View this template" style="max-width: 100%;">v</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="max-width: 100%;">t</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pan-Africanism&action=edit" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="max-width: 100%;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Ideology</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Variants</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African nationalism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African socialism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Afrocentrism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black nationalism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Garveyism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nkrumaism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sankarism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Uhuru Movement</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Zikism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Concepts</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African century</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Power" title="Black Power" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Power</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Négritude</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ubuntu</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ujamaa</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States of Africa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Proponents</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Politicians</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Dennis Akumu</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Amílcar Cabral</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">David Comissiong</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Anténor Firmin</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Marcus Garvey</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Modibo Keïta</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Toussaint Louverture</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Patrice Lumumba</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Samora Machel</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thabo Mbeki</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tom Mboya</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Robert Mugabe</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Julius Nyerere</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thomas Sankara</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Haile Selassie</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Robert Sobukwe</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Others</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Marimba Ani</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Steve Biko</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Stokely Carmichael</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Aimé Césaire</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">John Henrik Clarke</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Martin R. Delany</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Frantz Fanon</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">John G. Jackson</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Leonard Jeffries</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maulana Karenga</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fela Kuti</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Malcolm X</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ali Mazrui</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">George Padmore</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Motsoko Pheko</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Runoko Rashidi</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Paul Robeson</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Randall Robinson</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Walter Rodney</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Burning Spear</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Amos N. Wilson</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Organizations</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Educational</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African Leadership Academy</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African Leadership University</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Political</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/1900_Pan-African_Conference" title="1900 Pan-African Conference" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">1900 Pan-African Conference</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African Unification Front</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African Union</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">All African Trade Union Federation</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Convention People's Party</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">East African Community</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">International African Service Bureau</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Organisation of African Unity</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan African Association</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-African Congress</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Symbols</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Star of Africa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Le Marron Inconnu</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lion of Judah</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-African colours</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Dynamics</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Languages of Africa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Religion in Africa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Related</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African philosophy</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American leftism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Africanization</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">East African Federation</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Union of African States</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States of Africa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States of Latin Africa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Year of Africa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><td colspan="2" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" class="clear" style="max-width: 100%; clear: both;"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="col" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="View this template" style="max-width: 100%;">v</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="max-width: 100%;">t</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_topics&action=edit" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="max-width: 100%;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">History</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Timeline</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Abolitionism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Afrocentrism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American Civil War</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Atlantic slave trade</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" title="Black genocide" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black genocide</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Lives Matter</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Children of the plantation</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Civil rights movement
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">1865–1896</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">1896–1954</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">1954–1968</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birmingham movement</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">March on Washington</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_speech" title="Cornerstone speech" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cornerstone speech</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_black_people" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black people" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">COVID-19 impact</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Free Negro</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Free people of color</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Great Migration</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Second</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jim Crow laws</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lynching</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maafa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Military history</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nadir of American race relations</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Plantations</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><i style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Reconstruction era</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Redlining</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Separate but equal</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Slavery</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Culture</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Afrofuturism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Art</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black mecca</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" title="African-American businesses" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Businesses</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Dance</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Family structure</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Film</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Folktales</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hair</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Harlem Renaissance</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New Negro</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" title="African-American LGBT community" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">LGBT community</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Literature</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Music</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Musical theater</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Names</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Neighborhoods</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" title="African-American newspapers" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Newspapers</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Soul food</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Stereotypes</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Middle class</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Upper class</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Notable people</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African Americans in Congress</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black billionaires</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ralph Abernathy</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Crispus Attucks</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">James Bevel</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Julian Bond</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Amelia Boynton</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">James Bradley</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Edward Brooke</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Blanche Bruce</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ralph Bunche</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">George Washington Carver</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Shirley Chisholm</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Claudette Colvin</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Frederick Douglass</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">James Farmer</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kamala Harris</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jesse Jackson</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Michael Jackson</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Harriet Jacobs</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr." style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">John Lewis</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Joseph Lowery</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Malcolm X</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thurgood Marshall</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Bob Moses</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Diane Nash</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Barack Obama</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Rosa Parks</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr." style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel Prosser" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gabriel Prosser</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Joseph Rainey</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">A. Philip Randolph</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hiram Revels</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Al Sharpton</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Clarence Thomas</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emmett Till</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sojourner Truth</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Harriet Tubman</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nat Turner</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Denmark Vesey</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">David Walker</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Booker T. Washington</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ida B. Wells</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Roy Wilkins</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Oprah Winfrey</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Andrew Young</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Whitney Young</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Education, science<br style="max-width: 100%;">and technology</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" title="African-American studies" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American studies</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_school" title="Black school" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black schools</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Inventors and scientists</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Museums</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Women
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">in computer science</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">in medicine</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Religion</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American Society of Muslims</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Azusa Street Revival</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Church_(African_American)" title="Black Church (African American)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black church</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black theology</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" title="Doctrine of Father Divine" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Political movements</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Anarchism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Power" title="Black Power" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Power</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" title="Black Power movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Movement</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Capitalism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Conservatism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Garveyism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Leftism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan-Africanism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Populism</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Raised fist</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Self-determination</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Socialism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><p style="max-width: 100%;">Civic and economic<br style="max-width: 100%;">groups</p></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Panther Party</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/NFAC" title="NFAC" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">NFAC</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nashville Student Movement</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Sports</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><td colspan="2" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Negro league baseball</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Baseball color line</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black players in professional American football</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Racial_issues_faced_by_black_quarterbacks" title="Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black quarterbacks</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_starting_black_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of starting black NFL quarterbacks" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_the_Canadian_Football_League" title="History of African Americans in the Canadian Football League" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">History of African Americans in the Canadian Football League</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black players in ice hockey</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_NHL_players" title="List of black NHL players" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">list</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><p style="max-width: 100%;">Athletic associations<br style="max-width: 100%;">and conferences</p></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Central (CIAA)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southern (SIAC)</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Indians</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black Seminoles</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Blaxicans</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fula</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gullah</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Igbo</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jews</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Louisiana Creole</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">of color</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Melungeon</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yoruba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Demographics</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Neighborhoods</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">U.S. cities with large populations</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">2000 majorities</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Metropolitan areas</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">States and territories</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Languages</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">English</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American English</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American English</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gullah</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">By state/city</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Alabama</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">California</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Los Angeles</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Florida</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jacksonville</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Georgia</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Illinois
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Chicago</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Iowa
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Davenport</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" title="History of African Americans in Kansas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kansas</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kentucky</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Louisiana</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maryland</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Massachusetts
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Boston</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Michigan
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Detroit</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mississippi</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Nebraska
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Omaha</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">New York
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New York City</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">North Carolina</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Pennsylvania
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">South Carolina</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tennessee</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Austin</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Houston</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Utah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Diaspora</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Africa</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gambia</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ghana</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Liberia</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">America
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Canada</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Haiti</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mexico</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Israel</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;">Europe
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">France</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Lists</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African Americans</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Activists</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Actors</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Astronauts</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" title="List of African-American jurists" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jurists</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mathematicians</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Republicans</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Singers</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_Secretaries" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">US cabinet secretaries</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Representatives" title="List of African-American United States Representatives" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">US representatives</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">US senators</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Visual artists</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Writers</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" title="List of African-American firsts" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African-American firsts</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mayors</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sports firsts</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Historic places</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Index of related articles</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lynching victims</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Neighborhoods</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="African_immigration_to_the_United_States" class="clear" style="max-width: 100%; clear: both;"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="col" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:African immigration to the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="View this template" style="max-width: 100%;">v</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:African immigration to the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="max-width: 100%;">t</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="max-width: 100%;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African immigration to the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">North Africa</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><td colspan="2" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Algerian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Berber</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Canarian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Coptic</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Egyptian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Libyan</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Americans" title="Moroccan Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Moroccan</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tunisian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Horn of Africa</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Eritrean</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Somali</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Bantu in Maine</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southeast Africans in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southeast Africa</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kenyan</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">South Sudanese</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sudanese</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tanzanian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ugandan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Southern Africa</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Angolan</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Malawian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">South African</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Central Africa</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cameroonian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Congolese</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Equatoguinean</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gabonese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">West Africa</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Beninese</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cape Verdean</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gambian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Guinean</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Bissau-Guinean</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ivorian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Liberian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Malian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_Americans" title="Mauritanian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mauritanian</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nigerian</a>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Igbo</a></span></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><span style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yoruba</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Senegalese</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sierra Leonean</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Togolese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="Ethnic groups of Africa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">African ethnic groups</a> in United States<sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><small style="max-width: 100%;">1</small></sup></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Arab</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Berber</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Coptic</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fula</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Igbo</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yoruba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><td colspan="2" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><p style="max-width: 100%;"><sup style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.75em;"><small style="max-width: 100%;">1</small></sup>Several African ethnic groups are dispersed throughout different areas of Africa, regardless of countries or regions.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="23x15px|border_|alt=United_States|link=United_States_Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" class="clear" style="max-width: 100%; clear: both;"><div class="scrollable" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll; word-wrap: normal;"><table style="max-width: none; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: start; word-wrap: break-word; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%;"><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="col" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="View this template" style="max-width: 100%;">v</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="max-width: 100%;">t</abbr></a></li><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States&action=edit" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="max-width: 100%;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">January</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> (federal)</li></ul>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">January–February</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">February<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American Heart Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Black History Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Valentine's Day</a></li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Groundhog Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">February–March</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mardi Gras</a></li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Purim</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">March<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Irish-American Heritage Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Women's History Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Spring break</a> (week)</li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">L. Ron Hubbard’s Birthday</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" title="Isra and Mi'raj" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ostara</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">March–April</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Easter</a> (religious)</li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Passover</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Chandramana Yugadi / Souramana Yugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">April<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Confederate History Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">420</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">April Fools' Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Arbor Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Earth Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Laylat al-Qadr" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ridván</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Siblings Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">May<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Heritage_Month" title="Asian Pacific American Heritage Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Asian Pacific American Heritage Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jewish American Heritage Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" title="Ascension Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Law Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Military Spouse Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Day of Reason</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">June<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Pride_Month" title="Gay and Lesbian Pride Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and<br style="max-width: 100%;"> Transgender Pride Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Father's Day</a> (36)</li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" title="Bunker Hill Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" title="Carolina Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" title="Honor America Days" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" title="Jefferson Davis Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" title="Kamehameha Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Litha</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Senior Week</a> (week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">July</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">July–August</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Summer vacation</a></li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">August</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lammas</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">September<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" title="California Admission Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(United_States)" title="Constitution Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Constitution Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Constitution Week</a> (week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day" title="Defenders Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" title="Gold Star Mother's Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">His Holiness Sakya Trizin’s Birthday</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mabon</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grandparents_Day" title="National Grandparents Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">September–October<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" title="Arba'een" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Oktoberfest</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" title="Pitri Paksha" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">October<br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <br style="max-width: 100%;"> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Filipino American History Month</a><br style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">LGBT History Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Halloween</a></li></ul>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">German-American Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a> (VT)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" title="National School Lunch Week" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sweetest Day</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">October–November</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">November<br style="max-width: 100%;"> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Samhain</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Family Day</a> (NV)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">December</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">New Year's Eve</a></li>
</div>
<ul style="max-width: 100%;"><li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Chalica</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Festivus</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">HumanLight</a></li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; max-width: 100%;">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yule</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><th scope="row" style="font-weight: bold; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216); background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024);">Varies (year round)</th><td style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hajj</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" title="Bon Festival" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Obon</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Onam</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li>
<li style="max-width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li>
</div></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%;"><td colspan="2" style="max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(216, 216, 216);"><div style="max-width: 100%;">Legend:
<p style="max-width: 100%;">(federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">racial/ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">sexual minority</a>, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies</a>
</p>
See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Lists of holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Hallmark holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Public holidays in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands" style="color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: underline;">United States Virgin Islands</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
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