[blparent] [Bulk] bathing an infant

[Elizabeth Cooks]

If you had been paying attention to anything I said, then you would know 
that my son was circumcized two weeks after birth.  I flet it was much 
cleaner and safer.
----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Amber Boggs" <amberboggs at socal.rr.com>
To: "NFBnet Blind Parents Mailing List" <blparent at nfbnet.org>
Sent: Monday, June 29, 2009 2:06 PM
Subject: Re: [blparent] [Bulk] bathing an infant


> Alizabith, Not to be rude, but do you have an intact boy? Were you around 
> the mother every second of the day to no what and how she was doing  with 
> her kid? Have you red books articles etc from well known and respected 
> PEDS and doctors on Circomsition? Have you visited nocirc.org and red the 
> articles on The care of an intact boy? If no to any of these questions, 
> then I would be happy to pass on some information t oyou. I have no 
> problems debaiting to circ or not to, and feel very strongly about keeping 
> a boy intact, but to sit and see someone giving advice and telling people 
> what will and can happen when they do not have one all the facts, and two 
> have a circed boy and are only going on second hand experience, it makes 
> me crazy. Here is just one of many many articles and well resurched advice 
> about an intact baby and man.
> Note this Part. "Thanks to the foreskin, the intact penis is protected 
> from dirt
> and contamination.
> While this important protective function is extremely useful while the 
> baby is in
> diapers, the foreskin provides protection to the glans and urinary opening 
> for a
> lifetime. At all ages, the foreskin keeps the glans safe, soft, and clean.
> Throughout childhood, there is no need to wash underneath the foreskin. 
> Mothers used
> to be advised to retract the foreskin and wash beneath it every day. This 
> was very
> bad advice indeed. When the foreskin becomes fully retractable, usually by 
> the end
> of puberty, your son can retract it and rinse his glans with warm water 
> while he
> is in the shower."
> Protect Your Uncircumcised Son: Expert Medical Advice for Parents
> By Paul M. Fleiss
> Mothering Magazine, Issue 103, November/December 103
> Increasing numbers of American parents today are protecting their sons 
> from routine
> circumcision at birth, but as their boys grow up, they often find 
> themselves at odds
> with doctors who cling to old-fashioned opinions and hospital routines.
> I often receive calls from distraught parents who say that a doctor 
> insists that
> their little boy needs to be circumcised because there is something wrong. 
> When they
> bring their son into my office, I almost always find that there's nothing 
> wrong with
> the child's penis. Occasionally there's a slight infection, but that can 
> be quickly
> cleared up with an antibiotic cream. In all my years of practice, I've 
> never had
> a patient who had to be circumcised for medical reasons.
> When a doctor advises that your son be circumcised, it's usually because 
> he or she
> is unfamiliar with the intact penis, misinformed about the true 
> indications for surgical
> amputation of the foreskin, unaware of the functions of the foreskin, and 
> uncomfortable
> with the movement away from routine circumcision.
> Doctors can be psychologically challenged by the sight of an intact boy. 
> They may
> see problems with the penis that do not really exist. They may try to 
> convince you
> that the natural penis is somehow difficult to care for. They may cite 
> "studies"
> and "statistics" that appear to support circumcision.
> Probably, the only problem you will encounter with the foreskin of your 
> intact boy
> is that someone will think that he has a problem. The foreskin is a 
> perfectly normal
> part of the human body, and it has very definite purposes, as do all body 
> parts,
> even if we do not readily recognize them. There's no need to worry about 
> your son's
> intact penis.
> What to Say When the Doctor Says to Cut
> Below is a list of some of the things that doctors have said to parents in 
> an attempt
> to convince them to agree to circumcision. After each incorrect statement, 
> I've given
> the medical facts to help you understand what your doctor may not know 
> about the
> intact penis and its care, and what you need to know to protect your child 
> from unnecessary
> penile surgery. If you ever find yourself in a situation where a doctor 
> suggests
> that your child should be circumcised, the best thing that you can say is 
> simply:
> "Leave it alone."
> -Your son's foreskin should be cut off in order to facilitate hygiene.
> My experience as a pediatrician has convinced me that circumcision makes 
> the penis
> dirtier, a fact that was confirmed by a study recently published in the 
> British Journal
> of Urology.1 For at least a week after circumcision, the baby is left with 
> a large
> open wound that is in almost constant contact with urine and feces--hardly 
> a hygienic
> advantage. Additionally, throughout life the circumcised penis is open and 
> exposed
> to dirt and contaminants of all kinds. The wrinkles and folds that often 
> form around
> the circumcision scar frequently harbor dirt and germs.
> Thanks to the foreskin, the intact penis is protected from dirt and 
> contamination.
> While this important protective function is extremely useful while the 
> baby is in
> diapers, the foreskin provides protection to the glans and urinary opening 
> for a
> lifetime. At all ages, the foreskin keeps the glans safe, soft, and clean.
> Throughout childhood, there is no need to wash underneath the foreskin. 
> Mothers used
> to be advised to retract the foreskin and wash beneath it every day. This 
> was very
> bad advice indeed. When the foreskin becomes fully retractable, usually by 
> the end
> of puberty, your son can retract it and rinse his glans with warm water 
> while he
> is in the shower.
> -Your son's foreskin is too tight. It doesn't retract. He needs to be 
> circumcised.
> The tightness of the foreskin is a safety mechanism that protects the 
> glans and urethra
> from direct exposure to contaminants and germs. The tight foreskin also 
> keeps the
> boy's glans warm, clean, and moist, and when he is an adult, it will give 
> him pleasure.
> As long as your son can urinate, he is perfectly normal. There is no age 
> by which
> a child's foreskin must be retractable. Do not let your doctor or anyone 
> try to retract
> your child's foreskin. Optimal hygiene of the penis demands that the 
> foreskin of
> infants and children be left alone. Premature retraction rips the skin of 
> the penis
> open and causes your child extreme pain. There is no legitimate medical 
> justification
> for retraction. The child's discomfort is proof of that.
> -Your son's foreskin is "adhered" to the glans. It must be amputated.
> The attachment of the foreskin and glans is nature's way of protecting the 
> undeveloped
> glans from premature exposure. Detachment is a normal physiological 
> process that
> can take up to two decades to complete. By the end of puberty, the 
> foreskin will
> have detached from the glans because hormones that are produced in great 
> quantities
> at puberty help with the process. There is no age by which a child's 
> foreskin must
> be fully separated from the glans.
> Some misguided doctors might suggest that the "adhesions" between the 
> foreskin and
> glans should be broken so that your son can retract his foreskin. This 
> procedure
> is called synechotomy. To perform it, the doctor pushes a blunt metal 
> probe under
> the foreskin and forcibly rips it from the glans. It's as painful and 
> traumatic as
> having a metal probe stuck under your fingernail to pull if off. It will 
> also cause
> bleeding and may result in infection and scarring of the inner lining of 
> the foreskin
> and the glans. The wounds that are created by this forced separation can 
> fuse together,
> causing true adhesions. There is no medical justification for this 
> procedure because
> the foreskin is not supposed to be separated from the glans in childhood. 
> If any
> doctor suggests this procedure for your son, firmly refuse, stating, 
> "Leave it alone!"
> -Your son's foreskin is getting tighter. It no longer retracts. Something 
> is wrong.
> He will have to be circumcised.
> Sometimes, in childhood, a previously retractable foreskin will become 
> resistant
> to retraction for reasons that are unrelated to impending puberty. In 
> these cases,
> the opening of the foreskin may look chapped and sting when your son 
> urinates. This
> is not an indication for surgery any more than chapped lips. This is just 
> the foreskin
> doing its job. If the foreskin were not there, the glans and urinary 
> opening would
> be chapped instead. Chapping is most often caused by ov erly chlorinated 
> swimming
> pools, harsh soap, bubble baths, or a diet that is too high in sugar, all 
> of which
> destroy the natural balance of skin bacteria and should be avoided if 
> chapping occurs.
> The foreskin becomes resistant to retraction until a natural and healthy 
> bacterial
> balance is reestablished.
> You can aid healing by having your son apply a little barrier cream or 
> some ointment
> to the opening of the foreskin. Acidophilus culture (which can be 
> purchased from
> a health food store) can be taken internally and also applied to the 
> foreskin several
> times a day to assist healing, and should be given any time a child is 
> taking antibiotics.
> -Your son's foreskin is red, inflamed, itching, and uncomfortable. It has 
> an infection
> and needs to be cut off.
> Sometimes the tip of the foreskin does become reddened. During the 
> diaper-wearing
> years, this is usually ammoniacal dermatitis, commonly known as diaper 
> rash. When
> normal skin bacteria and feces react with urine, they produce ammonia, 
> which burns
> the skin and causes inflammation and discomfort. If the foreskin were 
> amputated,
> the inflammation would be on the glans itself and could enter the urethra. 
> When the
> foreskin becomes reddened, it is doing its job of protecting the glans and 
> urinary
> meatus.
> Circumcision will have no effect on diaper rash. Change your baby's 
> diapers more
> frequently and use a barrier cream until the rash clears. Harsh bath soaps 
> can also
> cause inflammation of the foreskin. Use only the gentlest and purest of 
> soap on your
> child's tender skin. Resist the temptation to give your child bubble 
> baths, because
> these are harmful to the skin. Never use soap to wash the inner foreskin 
> because
> it is mucous membrane, just like the inner lining of the eyelid.
> Foreskin infections are extremely rare, but if they occur, one of the many 
> simple
> treatment options is antibiotic ointment along with bacterial replacement 
> therapy
> (Acidophilus culture). We don't amputate body parts because of an 
> infection. Most
> infections of the foreskin are actually caused by washing the foreskin 
> with soap.
> Leave the foreskin alone, remembering that it doesn't need any special 
> washing, and
> infections will be unlikely to occur.
> -Your son is always pulling on his foreskin. He should be circumcised.
> I can assure you that, whether circumcised or not, all little boys touch 
> and pull
> on their penis. It is perfectly normal. Intact boys pull on the foreskin 
> because
> it is there to pull on. Circumcised boys pull on the glans because that is 
> all they
> have to pull on. Little boys sometimes will adjust the position of their 
> penis in
> their underpants. They will also sometimes explore the interior of the 
> foreskin with
> their fingers--a perfectly normal curiosity and nothing to worry about. It 
> is important
> for parents to cultivate an enlightened and tender congeniality about such 
> matters,
> otherwise they risk transferring unhealthy attitudes to their children.
> Sometimes a boy will pull on his foreskin because it itches. All parts of 
> the body
> itch occasionally. Even a circumcised boy has to scratch his penis. Just 
> as you don't
> worry every time your child scratches his knee, so you should not worry 
> when he scratches
> his penis. If the itch is caused by dry skin, then have your son avoid 
> using soap
> on his penis. Treat the foreskin just as you would any other part of the 
> body.
> If the real fear is of masturbation, calmly remind yourself of the simple, 
> natural
> fact that all children will explore their bodies, including their 
> genitals. Touching
> their genitals gives children a pleasant feeling and relaxes them. Classic 
> anatomical
> studies demonstrate that the foreskin is the most pleasurably sensitive 
> part of the
> penis. You can congratulate yourself for having protected your child from 
> a surgical
> amputation that would have permanently denied him normal sensations.
> -Your son's foreskin is too long. It should be cut off.
> There is tremendous variation in foreskin length. In some boys, the 
> foreskin represents
> over half the length of the penis. In others, it barely reaches the end of 
> the glans.
> All variations are normal. The foreskin is never "just extra skin" or 
> "redundant."
> It is all there for a reason.
> -Your child should be circumcised now because it will hurt more if it has 
> to be done
> later, or worse, when he is an adult.
> This excuse is tragically wrong and has resulted in a very serious crisis 
> in American
> medical practice. It's based on the false idea that infants and young 
> children don't
> feel pain. Babies can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel. In fact, babies 
> feel pain
> more acutely than adults, and the younger the baby, the more acutely the 
> pain is
> felt. If an adult needed to be circumcised, he would be given anesthesia 
> and postoperative
> pain relief. Doctors almost never give babies either of these. The only 
> reason doctors
> get away with circumcising babies without anesthesia is because the baby 
> is defenseless
> and cannot protect himself. His screams of pain, terror, and agony are 
> ignored. In
> any event, this all too common excuse is merely a scare tactic, one with 
> tragic consequences
> for any baby forced to endure a surgical amputation without the benefit of 
> anesthesia.
> -Since your son is having anesthesia for another operation, we'll just go 
> ahead and
> circumcise him.
> Most parents are never told that their son is in danger of being 
> circumcised during
> a tonsillectomy or surgery for a hernia or an undescended testicle. It 
> would never
> occur to them. If your child is going into the hospital for any reason, be 
> certain
> that you tell the physician, surgeon, and nurse that under no 
> circumstances is your
> child to be circumcised. Write "No Circumcision" on the consent form, too. 
> Then if
> your child is circumcised against your wishes, remember that you do have 
> legal recourse.
> -Your son has cysts under his foreskin. He needs to be circumcised.
> During the period when the foreskin is undergoing the slow process of 
> detaching itself
> from the glans, sloughed skin cells (smegma) may collect into small 
> pockets of white
> "pearls." These are not cysts. Some doctors mistakenly think that the 
> smegma under
> the foreskin is an infection, even though it is white rather than red, is 
> cold to
> the touch, and is painless. As the foreskin proceeds with detachment, the 
> body will
> do its job, and these pearls will pass out of the foreskin all by 
> themselves. These
> collected pockets of cells are nothing to worry about. They are simply an 
> indication
> that the natural process of detachment is occurring.
> -Your son has a urinary tract infection (UTI) and needs to be circumcised 
> to prevent
> it from happening again.
> The belief that the foreskin slightly increases the chances of a boy 
> having a UTI
> is highly controversial and, more importantly, unproven. Members of the 
> medical profession
> in Europe do not accept it. Medical research proves that UTIs are most 
> often caused
> by internal congenital deformities of the urinary tract. 2,3,4 The 
> foreskin has nothing
> to do with this. Even if it could be proven that circumcision slightly 
> reduces the
> risk of UTI, it is an absurd proposal because UTIs in boys are extremely 
> rare and
> are easily treated with antibiotics. Breastfeeding, too, helps prevent 
> UTIs. Child-friendly
> doctors advocate breastfeeding not penile surgery.
> -Your son sprays when he urinates. Circumcision will correct this.
> In almost every intact boy, the urine stream flows out of the urinary 
> opening in
> the glans and through the foreskin in a neat stream. During the process of 
> penile
> growth and development, some boys go through a period where the urine 
> stream is diffused.
> Undoubtedly, many of these boys take great delight in this phase, while 
> mothers,
> understandably, find it less amusing. If your boy has entered a spraying 
> phase, simply
> instruct him to retract his foreskin enough to expose the meatus when he 
> urinates.
> He will soon outgrow this phase.
> -Your son's foreskin balloons when he urinates. He needs to be circumcised 
> or else
> he will suffer kidney damage.
> Ballooning of the foreskin during urination is a normal and temporary 
> condition in
> some boys. It results in no discomfort and is usually a source of great 
> delight for
> little boys. Ballooning comes as a surprise only to those adults who have 
> no experience
> with this phase of penile development. It certainly does not cause kidney 
> damage;
> it has nothing to do with the kidneys. Ballooning disappears as the 
> foreskin and
> glans separate and the opening of the foreskin increases in diameter. It 
> requires
> no treatment.
> -Your son caught his foreskin in the zipper of his trousers; we will have 
> to cut
> it off.
> There have been rare cases where a boy has accidentally caught part of the 
> skin of
> his penis in the zipper of his trousers. This is painful and can cause a 
> lot of bleeding.
> Cutting off the foreskin, however, is illogical in this situation. By 
> cutting across
> the bottom of the zipper with scissors, the zipper can easily be opened to 
> release
> the penile tissue. Any lacerations in the skin can then be closed with 
> either sutures
> or surgical tape, depending on the situation. The proper standard of care 
> in this
> situation is to minimize and repair the injury, not make it worse by 
> cutting off
> the foreskin and creating a larger and more painful surgical wound.
> -Your son has phimosis. He needs to be circumcised to correct this 
> problem.
> Phimosis is often used as a diagnosis when a doctor does not understand 
> that the
> child's foreskin is supposed to be long, narrow, attached to the glans, 
> and resistant
> to retraction. Some doctors are prescribing steroid creams for phimosis, 
> but this
> is unnecessary in children, since the foreskin does not need to be 
> retractable in
> young boys. The hormones of puberty will do the same thing at the 
> appropriate time
> that a steroid cream is doing prematurely. In adults who still have a 
> foreskin that
> is attached to the glans or a foreskin with such a narrow opening that the 
> glans
> cannot easily pass through it, steroid creams are a conservative therapy. 
> This is
> if the adult wants a foreskin that fully retracts. Many males don't, 
> preferring a
> foreskin that remains securely over the glans. It is purely a matter of 
> personal
> choice, one that only each male can decide for himself.
> -Your son has paraphimosis and must be circumcised to prevent it from 
> happening again.
> Paraphimosis is a rare dislocation of the foreskin. It is caused by the 
> foreskin
> being prematurely retracted and becoming stuck behind the glans. The 
> dislocation
> can most often be corrected by applying firm but gentle pressure on the 
> glans with
> the thumbs, as if you were pushing a cork into a bottle. To reduce the 
> swelling,
> an injection of hyaluronidase may be effective. Doctors in Britain have 
> also reported
> good results from packing the penis in granulated sugar.5 Ice packs work 
> well, too.
> -Your son has BXO and will have to be circumcised.
> Some doctors equate phimosis with an extremely rare skin disorder called 
> balanitis
> xerotica obliterans (BXO), which is also called lichen sclerosus et 
> atrophicus (LSA).
> BXO can appear anywhere on the body, but if this disorder affects the 
> foreskin, it
> may turn the opening of the foreskin hard, white, sclerotic, and make 
> retraction
> almost impossible. BXO is usually painless and progresses very slowly. 
> Many times,
> it goes away by itself. To an experienced dermatologist, there is no 
> mistaking BXO,
> but a diagnosis must be confirmed by a biopsy. The good news is that BXO 
> can almost
> always be successfully cured with steroid creams, carbon dioxide laser 
> treatment,
> or even antibiotics. Circumcision should be considered only after every 
> other treatment
> option has failed. Just as we do not amputate the labia of females with 
> BXO or the
> glans of circumcised boys with BXO, it is logical that we should not 
> amputate the
> foreskin of intact boys with BXO.
> -Your son needs to be circumcised or else he won't enjoy oral sex as an 
> adult.
> I'm afraid that doctors really have said such inappropriate things to 
> parents. Such
> a statement is evidence of ignorance of the normal functions and 
> sensations of the
> intact penis. Classic anatomical investigations have proven that the 
> foreskin is
> the most richly innervated part of the penis. It has specialized nerve 
> receptors
> that are directly connected to the pleasure centers of the brain. Your 
> intact son
> is far better equipped to enjoy all aspects of lovemaking than his 
> circumcised peers.
> The myth that American women prefer the circumcised penis is, in my 
> opinion, demeaning
> to women. It may be true that American women of a certain generation and 
> social background
> were more likely to be familiar with the circumcised penis than the intact 
> penis,
> but this was the result of the mass circumcision campaigns of the 1950s 
> not personal
> preference. I suspect that what women prefer in men is more related to the 
> personal
> qualities of consideration, gentleness, sensitivity, warmth, and 
> supportiveness.
> It is very unlikely that circumcision increases a male's capacity to 
> develop these
> qualities.
> -Your son needs to be circumcised so that he looks like his father.
> A child is a mixture of both his mother's and his father's genetic 
> heritage. He doesn't
> need to look like his father, nor will he ever look like his father in 
> every way.
> Each child is a unique gift, and that uniqueness should be cherished. The 
> idea that
> a boy will be disturbed if his penis does not look like his father's was 
> invented
> to manipulate people into letting doctors circumcise their children. It 
> has no basis
> in medical fact.
> There are no published reports of an intact boy being disturbed because 
> part of his
> penis was not cut off when he realized that part of his father's penis had 
> been cut
> off. When intact boys with circumcised fathers express their feelings on 
> the matter,
> they consistently report their immense relief and gratitude that they were 
> spared
> penile surgery. They express sadness, as well, for the suffering their 
> dads experienced
> as infants.6
> Occasionally, a circumcised father will state that he wants his child 
> circumcised
> because he thinks that it will create a bond between him and his son. It 
> is a wonderful
> thing for a father to want to establish such a bond, but circumcision 
> cannot accomplish
> this worthy goal. If a father wants to establish a lasting and meaningful 
> bond with
> his son, the very best way, and perhaps the only way, he can achieve this 
> is by spending
> quality time with him and by showing him much affection.
> Sadly, some fathers who have been circumcised have an unhealthy attitude 
> and may
> look for any excuse to schedule the child for circumcision. Putting a 
> child in a
> position where he fears that part of his penis is going to be cut off is 
> abusive.
> When fathers demand that their sons be circumcised, I suspect that they 
> are desperately
> trying to justify their own circumcised condition. The emotions that some 
> fathers
> feel when they are forced to confront the fact that part of their own 
> penis is missing
> can be so disturbing that they will do anything to block them out.
> A father who forcibly circumcises his son will not win his son's 
> gratitude, affection,
> trust, or love. I am aware of instances where such events have permanently 
> destroyed
> the father-son bond and changed a son's love for his father into rage and 
> bitter
> resentment. In situations where the father suffers from an unhealthy 
> attitude about
> his son's normal penis, I think it is best for everyone 
> concerned--especially the
> son--for the father to receive compassionate psychological counseling to 
> help him
> overcome his problem. All children deserve the saf est, most nurturing, 
> and most
> loving home possible.
> When physicians realize the important functions of the foreskin, they'll 
> realize
> that just about every problem with it can and should be solved without 
> cutting it
> off. Cutting off part of the body--especially part of the penis--is an 
> extreme measure
> that should be reserved for the most extreme of circumstances. The only 
> legitimate
> indications for cutting off any part of the body, including the foreskin, 
> are life-threatening
> disease, life-threatening deformity, or irreparable damage. These 
> situations are
> extremely rare.
> The best advice for the care of the intact penis is simply to leave it 
> alone. The
> intact penis needs no special care. Let your boy take care of it himself, 
> and when
> he's old enough, he will enjoy taking care of his own body. After all, 
> it's his business.
> Just relax and avoid worrying about your son's intact penis. Remind 
> yourself that
> the foreskin is a normal and natural part of the body. If European boys 
> grow up healthy
> and unconcerned with their foreskins, so can your son.
> NOTES
> 1. R. S. Van Howe, "Variability in Penile Appearance and Penile Findings: 
> A Prospective
> Study," British Journal of Urology 80, no. 5 (November 1997): 776-782.
> 2. J. Winberg, I. Bollgren, L. Gothefors, M. Herthelius, and K. Tullus, 
> "The Prepuce:
> A Mistake of Nature?" The Lancet 8638, no. 1 (March 1989): 598-599.
> 3. S. M. Downs, "Technical Report: Urinary Tract Infections in Febrile 
> Infants and
> Young Children," The Urinary Tract Subcommittee of the American Academy of 
> Pediatrics
> Committee on Quality Improvement, Pediatrics 103, no. 4 (April 1999): e54.
> 4. M. A. Gill and G. E. Schutze, "Citrobacter Urinary Tract Infections in 
> Children,"
> Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 18, no. 10 (October 1999): 889-892.
> 5. R. Kerwat, A. Shandall, and B. Stephenson, "Reduction of Paraphimosis 
> with Granulated
> Sugar," British Journal of Urology 82, no. 5 (November 1998): 755.
> 6. Rosemary Romberg, Circumcision: The Painful Dilemma (South Hadley, 
> Mass.: Bergan
> & Garvey, 1985).
> FOR MORE INFORMATION
> Organizations
> If your physician or healthcare provider ever recommends that your child 
> be circumcised,
> get another opinion from a physician who understands the important 
> functions of the
> foreskin, no matter how "urgent" the situation may be. For help finding 
> one in your
> area, contact:
> National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers 
> (NOCIRC). PO Box
> 2512, San Anselmo, CA 94979-2512.
>               415-488-9883        . Fax: 415-488-9660.
> www.nocirc.org/
> Doctors are encouraged to contact and join:
> Doctors Opposing Circumcision (DOC). 2442 NW Market Street #42, Seattle, 
> WA 98107.
> 360-385-1882
> . Fax: 360-385-1948. faculty.washington.edu/gcd/DOC/
> Another resource especially for nurses:
> Nurses for the Rights of the Child. 369 Montezuma #354, Santa Fe, NM 
> 87501.
> 505-989-7377        .
> www.cirp.org/nrc/
> For information about alternative bris for Jewish parents:
> Circumcision Resource Center. Ronald Goldman, PhD. PO Box 232, Boston, MA 
> 02133.
> 617-523-0088        .
> www.circumcision.org/
> One of the best sources of information on the Internet:
> The Circumcision Information and Resource Pages.
> www.cirp.org/
> Books
> Denniston, G. C., F. M. Hodges, and M. F. Milos, eds. Male and Female 
> Circumcision:
> Medical, Ethical, and Legal Issues in Pediatric Practice. Kluwer 
> Academic/Plenum
> Press, 1999.
> Goldman, Ronald. Circumcision: The Hidden Trauma. Vanguard, 1996.
> Illingworth, Ronald S. The Normal Child: Some Problems of the Early Years 
> and Their
> Treatment. Tenth edition. Churchill Livingstone, 1991.
> O'Mara, Peggy, ed. Circumcision: The Rest of the Story. Mothering, 1993.
> Ritter, Thomas, and George C. Denniston. Say No to Circumcision! Second 
> edition.
> Hourglass, 1996.
> Books of special interest for Jewish parents: Goldman, Ronald. Questioning 
> Circumcision:
> A Jewish Perspective. Vanguard, 1997.
> Hoffman, Lawrence A. Covenant of Blood: Circumcision and Gender in 
> Rabbinic Judaism.
> University of Chicago Press, 1996.
> Weiner, Kayla. Jewish Women Speak Out: Expanding the Boundaries of 
> Psychology. Canopy
> Press, 1995.
> Important medical journal articles: DeVries, C. R., A. K. Miller, and M. 
> G. Packer.
> "Reduction of Paraphimosis with Hyaluronidase." Urology 48 (1996): 
> 464-465.
> Fleiss, P. M., F. M. Hodges, and R. S. Van Howe. "Immunological Functions 
> of the
> Human Prepuce." Sexually Transmitted Infections 74 (1998): 364-367.
> Jorgensen, E. T., and A. Svensson. "Problems with the Penis and Prepuce in 
> Children:
> Lichen Sclerosus Should Be Treated with Coricosteroids to Reduce Need for 
> Surgery."
> British Medical Journal 313 (September 14, 1996): 692.
> Nolan, J. F., T. J. Stillwell, and J. P. Sands, Jr. "Acute Management of 
> the Zipper-Entrapped
> Penis." Journal of Emergency Medicine 8 (1990): 305-307.
> Shaw, Angus. "Africa to Address AIDS at Conference." Science (September 
> 10, 1999).
> Van Howe, R. S. "Circumcision and HIV Infection: Review of the Literature 
> and Meta-analysis."
> International Journal of STD & AIDS 10 (1999): 8-16.
> Van Howe, R. S. "Does Circumcision Influence Sexually Transmitted 
> Diseases? A Literature
> Review." British Journal of Urology International 83, Supplement 1 
> (1999 ): 52-62.
>
>
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