[nabs-l] NUBS was Re: BANA still considering abolishing theNemethbraillecode
Nicole B. Torcolini at Home
ntorcolini at wavecable.com
Sun Sep 11 23:44:44 UTC 2011
NUBS workshop handouts
CTEVH CONFERENCE
MARCH 12-15, 2009
NUBS
NEMETH UNIFORM BRAILLE SYSTEM
Its implications to the
SCIENTIFIC
transcriber and reader
PRESENTED BY:
JOYCE HULL
Page 1
INTRODUCTION
The first part of this two-part workshop covered the impact of this new
braille system on the literary transcriber and reader. That session included
some discussion about the philosophy and rationale for developing a new
braille code or system. The hand-out for that session also explained one of
the critical concepts of NUBS - that of the two modes - narrative and
notational. An understanding of that aspect of the new system is vital. If
you were not able to attend that session, you are welcome to ask for a copy
of that handout. It gives a fairly comprehensive argument for the
development of a new braille code and Dr. Nemeth's approach to the task.
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation, 1972 Version,
is used for the braille version of this workshop handout. It is also used
in the simbraille examples, for representing the "current code" form of the
example.
The topics addressed in this workshop include:
Mathematical Operators
Fractions
Vertical
Mixed
Quasi-Vertical
Complex
Spatial
Spatial Complex
Use of the Slash
Superscripts and Subscripts
Numeric
Simple
Multilevel
Simultaneous and Non-simultaneous
Cancellation and Renaming Digits in Subtraction
Radicals
Simple
Nested
Indexed
Displayed
Calculator and Computer Braille
Page 2
MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS
Most of the operators that have been used in the current Nemeth code are
retained. Note that the multiplication signs are new.
Plus ( + ) + (346)
Minus ( - ) - (36)
Multiply (×) .[ (46,246) or ( · ) ,] (6,12456) or ( * ) _[
(456,246)
Divide ( ÷ ) ./ (46,34)
Equal sign ( = ) = (123456)
So a+b ÷ c = d would be ;a+b./c = d
Note that this expression is preceded by dots 56, since it is embedded. This
places us in the notational mode. If the expression were displayed, as in
the example below, that cell would be omitted, since all displayed
expressions are regarded as notational.
distance = rate × time distance = rate.[time
Note that contractions are not permitted when in the notational mode. This
is a broader restriction than that defined in the current Nemeth code.
FRACTIONS
The basic fraction structure is retained.
Vertical fractions
?1/3# ?a/b#
?a+b/c# a+?b/c#+d
Mixed Fractions
#3?1/2# #3?1_/2#
Page 3
Quasi-vertical fractions
?a+b/c+d# #3?x/y#
Linear fractions: (Numerator and denominator are at the same level in
print.)
a+b/c+d a+b_/c+d
This is a+(b/c)+d and should not be interpreted as (a+b)/(c+d).
Complex fractions. Note the use of dot 6 as the level of complexity
indicator.
,??a/b#,/?c/d#,#
Spatial fractions. Note that the denominator is left-adjusted, not
centered.
distance distance ;d
rate = ------------- rate = ?33333333# or
#33#
time time
t
;d #1
?33# ?33#
dx ;c
a+b
?333#
n
Also note that, in a spatial fraction, whenever the numerator or the
denominator consists of a single digit, a numeric indicator is required
before that digit. If the numerator or denominator consists of a single
letter, in the range of a through j, the letter sign ; (56) is
required.
Page 4
Spatial complex fraction
,?1?1/4#,/1?3/5#,#
?333333333333333333#
#5
Note that the denominator is again aligned to the left, not centered.
Use of the slash _/ (456, 34) in mathematics:
In a linear fraction As dividers between parts of a date
1/3 #1_/3 6/28/95 #6_/28_/95
SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS
The format for superscripts and subscripts has not been changed. This
includes the special treatment for simple numeric subscripts like x1 and
y2. No notational indicator is required when the material is displayed.
x1+x2 x1+x2 (x sub 1 plus x sub 2)
Note: No subscript or baseline indicators are required here.
a11x1+a12x2+ . +a1nxn = b1
a11x1+a12x2+ ,,' +a;1n"x;n = b1
Note the new ellipsis and the new equal sign.
Vitamin B12 ,vitam9 ,B#12
(The 12 is not a subscript, so a number sign is required before that
number.)
Simultaneous subscripts/superscripts
P;a^.A^;x"+P;b^.b^;y
Page 5
Non-simultaneous subscripts/superscripts
;x^?f/g#";,l
;x;,l"^?f/g#
In the first example, the superscript is closer to x than the
subscript; in the second example, the subscript is closer to x than the
superscript. The base-level indicator between the two indices tells the
reader that they are not simultaneous. The order in which the reader
encounters the indices tells him which comes first and second.
CANCELLATION AND RENAMING DIGITS IN SUBTRACTION
Often we encounter a problem in subtraction, when a digit to be subtracted
is larger than the digit above it. For example:
875
- 296
----------
In describing the correct procedure for this problem, a textbook will often
show "renamed" numbers above the number they replace. For example, the
number 15 will be placed above the 5 and the 7 will be changed to a 6. Then
the 6 is replaced by the number 16 and the 8 is replaced with a 7. The
problem now looks like this:
7 16 15
6 15
------------
5 7 9
In print this presents no problem in alignment since the "renamed numbers"
can be written in a small font so as not to disturb the alignment problem.
In the current braille code, however, this creates a difficulty in that the
8, 7, and 5 must all be cancelled and then replaced above with 2-cell
renaming numbers. This wreaks havoc with alignment. NUBS has a clever
substitute for this process.
Page 6
Fortunately, a two-digit replacement number in a subtraction scheme is
always in the range of 10 to 18 inclusive. Therefore, we are able to
contrive a "trick" for entering this two-digit number into one cell. We
enter this number as a dropped number, as usual. We now add dot 1 into the
same cell to indicate that this is a two-digit number whose ten's place is
1.
Thus the numbers from 10 to 18 would be represented in one cell as follows:
z - 10
b - 11
l - 12
h - 13
\ - 14
< - 15
r - 16
( - 17
v - 18
In this subtraction scheme, subtraction is immediately possible in every
column. Therefore, there are no cancelled digits and replacement numbers use
one cell.
7 16 15
6 15
------------
5 7 9
Current code:
NUBS:
7 16 15 7r<
[ 6] 15 6<
[8][ 7][ 5] 875
- 2 9 6 -296
33333333333333 333333
5 7 9 579
See how clean this is. There is no need for any cancellation indicators and
the alignment is maintained. In any subtraction problem, consisting of a
minuend and a subtrahend, any line above the minuend would be regarded as
"renamed" numbers.
CANCELLATION IN GENERAL
Subtraction schemes do not have a monopoly on the use of cancellation. In
arithmetic, cancellation is used in the process of reducing fractions to
lowest terms, and in the multiplication or division of fractions. In
algebra, cancellation is used for
Page 7
the same reasons. However, there we would be dealing with number-and-letter
combinations rather than just with numbers as in arithmetic.
begin cancellation & (12346)
end cancellation [ (246)
If the text to be cancelled occupies one cell, the indicator _ (456) must
be placed above or below it, as appropriate.
EXAMPLES (showing cancellation)
1 1
1
--- × --- = ----
6
2 3
#1 #1
_ _
#3 #4 #1
?33#.[?33# = ?33#
#8 #9 #6
_ _
#2 #3
If the text to be cancelled occupies more than one cell, the
begin-cancellation indicator and the end-cancellation indicator must be
placed at the first and the last cell, respectively, of the text to be
cancelled. These indicators should be placed above or below the text to be
cancelled, as appropriate.
In this example, there are four terms to the left of the equal sign, each in
parentheses. The third one is cancelled.
(x - a1)(x - a2)(x - a3)(x - a4) = 0
& [
(x-a1)(x-a2)(x-a3)(4-a4) = 0
Page 8
RADICALS
The begin radical indicator is the same, but the radical terminator is new:
[ (246).
So, is now ;>a+b[
And the quadratic formula would be
X = ?-B_+>B^2"-4AC[/2A#
Notice the new symbol for the ± sign: _+ (456, 346). Nested radicals
are a bit different also. The level of nesting, or complexity indicator,
dot 6, is now indicated at the beginning of the expression as is done with
complex fractions.
So the expression, a level-one radical, would be brailled as
,>x+>x+y[+>y[,[
INDEXED RADICALS
The format for indicating an index for a radical is new. The index is
treated as an exponent on the radical sign, and requires the baseline
indicator before the radicand is entered.
>^3"2[ The cube root of 2
#3>^3"x+y[ 3 times the cube root of (x plus y)
>^n"a[ the nth root of a
>^m+n"p+q[ the (m plus n)th root of (p plus q)
Page 9
Nested Indexed Radicals
,>^3">x^2"[,[ = ,>>^3"x^2"[,[
,>^3"x^2"+>^3"x^2"+y^2"[+y^2",[
Nested radicals, can be displayed spatially.
;333333333
_ ;333 ;3
>x+>x+y+>y
CALCULATOR AND COMPUTER BRAILLE
NUBS provides a method for showing a sequence of calculator keystrokes when
such a sequence is present in print. A keystroke which is the picture of a
keytop with its legend is introduced in NUBS by the braille character [
(246). In other notational contexts, this character is either the
termination indicator or the end-cancellation indicator. When it is the
first character of a keystroke in the notational mode, it cannot be
interpreted as a termination indicator or the contraction for "ow". Neither
can it be interpreted as an end-cancellation indicator which is always
placed either above or below the notation to be cancelled. Therefore, using
this symbol to introduce a keystroke is unambiguous.
After this begin-keytop-legend indicator, we write the keytop legend using
standard NUBS notation. A space follows the keytop legend before brailling
the next keystroke. Keystrokes are notational and spatial and must be
treated accordingly.
Page 10
EXAMPLES (showing keystrokes)
1. Press
[+/-.
to change the sign of the number. (The legend on the keytop is +/- .)
This set of keystrokes as shown in a print text:
"Omitted"
would be brailled as:
#2]41 [,,ee #0 [./ #7]4 [,,ee #21 [=
(This is a sequence of keystrokes in which some are numbers and some
are not.)
That's all for today. Dr. Nemeth has written rules for many other aspects
of the scientific spectrum that we do not have time to go into in this
session. He has defined the handling of functions, matrices, determinants,
systems of equations, overscripts and underscripts, and has defined braille
representations for many symbols and geometric shapes, both in braille and
in tactile graphics. His full draft document which is nearing completion
requires about 150 print pages.
I would appreciate it very much if you would share with me any errors you
find or suggestions you have that would improve this presentation. If you
are interested in more details, please contact me at
Joyce Hull
jhull at fbs.net
407-349-5059
In Computer Braille Code, my e-mail address would be:
_+jhull at fbs,net_:
In NUBS it is ;jhull at afbs]net
We would no longer need the Computer Braille Code if NUBS is adopted.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Nicole B. Torcolini at Home" <ntorcolini at wavecable.com>
To: "National Association of Blind Students mailing list"
<nabs-l at nfbnet.org>
Sent: Sunday, September 11, 2011 4:37 PM
Subject: [nabs-l] NUBS was Re: BANA still considering abolishing
theNemethbraillecode
> NUBS info coming soon.
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Steve Jacobson" <steve.jacobson at visi.com>
> To: "National Association of Blind Students mailing list"
> <nabs-l at nfbnet.org>
> Sent: Sunday, September 11, 2011 2:27 PM
> Subject: Re: [nabs-l] BANA still considering abolishing the
> Nemethbraillecode
>
>
>> The NFB representative on BANA is Jennifer Dunnam. I forwarded some of
>> the messages that appeared here, and
>> she asked if I would post the following for her.
>>
>> Jennifer Dunnam Wrote:
>> "Since I am the NFB's representative on BANA, Steve Jacobson has shared
>> with
>> me some of the discussion that has occurred on list regarding BANA and
>> the
>> Nemeth Code. In addition to the excellent points that he has made, I
>> would
>> strongly urge everyone to please read the three-part article that is
>> being
>> distributed by BANA, the first part of which appeared in the May Braille
>> Monitor, and the second part of which will appear in Octobers (to be
>> followed shortly by the third). The article is intended to lay out the
>> issues confronting all of us at braille users and what BANA is
>> considering.
>> Please know that BANA is engaged in a thoughtful process and will not be
>> making snap decisions. We have asked for and will continue to seek input
>> from all concerned, and we want people to be informed as well.
>>
>> On Sun, 11 Sep 2011 15:17:28 -0400, Ashley Bramlett wrote:
>>
>>>I'm interested in Nemeth's new code. What does it combine? How much does
>>>it
>>>resemble the current math code?
>>
>>>-----Original Message-----
>>>From: Joshua Lester
>>>Sent: Sunday, September 11, 2011 2:14 PM
>>>To: National Association of Blind Students mailing list
>>>Subject: Re: [nabs-l] BANA still considering abolishing the
>>>Nemethbraillecode
>>
>>>Mr Jacobson:
>>>Please E-mail me off list.
>>>I'm interested in his new code.
>>>Thanks, Joshua
>>
>>>On 9/11/11, Steve Jacobson <steve.jacobson at visi.com> wrote:
>>>> Hi,
>>>>
>>>> Let me respectfully suggest that we turn down the rhetoric on this.
>>>> First,
>>>> one doesn't just complain to the chair of the
>>>> resolutions committee and expect her to write a resolution, and second,
>>>> resolutions won't be considered until next
>>>> summer so there is time to sort all this out. I've been trying to
>>>> follow
>>>> the BANA deliberations on some of this and things
>>>> just are not as simple as it might seem on the surface. Whether we
>>>> like
>>>> it
>>>> or not, print has been and is changing very
>>>> quickly, and we all need to figure out how to find a way for braille to
>>>> keep
>>>> up. Something has to happen to let us
>>>> expand the characters that are represented in braille, and how to
>>>> seemlessly
>>>> weave in the kinds of technical writing
>>>> that is more a part of everyday print now than was the case not long
>>>> ago.
>>>> Whether a separate code for mathematics
>>>> needs to be maintained and whether it should remain the Nemeth code is
>>>> still
>>>> an open question, as far as I know.
>>>> Some of you apparently are not aware of the fact that Dr. Nemeth even
>>>> sees
>>>> limitations in the current code and has
>>>> created a braille code called NUBS which would also be a significant
>>>> change
>>>> from the current code.
>>>>
>>>> I do not ask that people support the elimination of Nemeth code as that
>>>> isn't really the issue by itself, but it is necessary
>>>> for all of us to be as informed as we can be on this subject. Let's
>>>> just
>>>> keep our cool a little.
>>>>
>>>> Best regards,
>>>>
>>>> Steve Jacobson
>>>>
>>>> On Sun, 11 Sep 2011 13:31:35 -0400, Chris Nusbaum wrote:
>>>>
>>>>>I think you will. She's good that way. If you don't let me
>>>>>know.
>>>>
>>>>> Chris Nusbaum
>>>>
>>>>>"The real problem of blindness is not the loss of eyesight. The
>>>>>real problem is the misunderstanding and lack of education that
>>>>>exists. If a blind person has the proper training and
>>>>>opportunity, blindness can be reduced to a mere physical
>>>>>nuisance." -- Kenneth Jernigan (President of the National
>>>>>Federation of the Blind, 1968-1986.)
>>>>
>>>>> Visit the I C.A.N. Foundation online at:
>>>>>www.icanfoundation.info for
>>>>>information on our foundation and how it helps blind and visually
>>>>>impaired children in MD say "I can!"
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>>Sent from my BrailleNote
>>>>
>>>>> ----- Original Message -----
>>>>>From: Joshua Lester <jlester8462 at students.pccua.edu
>>>>>To: National Association of Blind Students mailing list
>>>>><nabs-l at nfbnet.org
>>>>>Date sent: Sat, 10 Sep 2011 23:06:57 -0500
>>>>>Subject: Re: [nabs-l] BANA still considering abolishing the
>>>>>Nemeth braillecode
>>>>
>>>>>Carly, it's shameful.
>>>>>I E-mailed the chairman of the resolutions committee.
>>>>>Hopefully, I'll hear something.
>>>>>Blessings, Joshua
>>>>
>>>>>On 9/10/11, Carly <carlymih at earthlink.net> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>> Hi, Joshua,
>>>>
>>>>> I'm with ya, brother!
>>>>
>>>>> The example of that BANA attempt att braille I saw, struck me as
>>>>> being totally watered down and very much removed from the code I
>>>>>know
>>>>> and love so very deeply. In fact, my Not being able to find
>>>>>meaning
>>>>> within the sensual, bumps does not make me love braille any
>>>>>less.
>>>>> 2011, you wrote:
>>>>>I'm all for a unified Braille code.
>>>>>That code, is the Nemeth Code!
>>>>>Leave it alone!
>>>>>Blessings, Joshua
>>>>
>>>>>On 9/10/11, Nicole B. Torcolini at Home
>>>>><ntorcolini at wavecable.com> wrote:
>>>>> [Blindmath] BANA still considering abolishing the Nemeth braille
>>>>>code
>>>>> Susan Jolly easjolly at ix.netcom.com
>>>>> Fri Sep 9 17:10:37 CDT 2011
>>>>
>>>>> a.. Previous message: [Blindmath] SPSS accessibility
>>>>> b.. Next message: [Blindmath] BANA still considering
>>>>>abolishing
>>>>> the Nemeth
>>>>> braillecode
>>>>> c.. Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [
>>>>>author ]
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>-----------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>---------------
>>>>
>>>>> I have just recieved my copy of the Summer 2011 Bulletin of the
>>>>>National
>>>>> Braille Association (NBA) which is the professional organization
>>>>> providing
>>>>> continuing education to both paid and volunteer braille
>>>>> transcribers here in
>>>>> the United States. The President's Message states, "At some
>>>>>point in the
>>>>> near future, the braille powers-that-be will make a decision
>>>>> about a unified
>>>>> braille code for the English-speaking worlds--a code that will
>>>>>combine
>>>>> literary and technical transcriptions under one set of rules and
>>>>> constructions."
>>>>
>>>>> Elsewhere in this issue of the Bulletin, the NBA representive to
>>>>> the Braille
>>>>> Authority of North America (BANA) writes that the BANA
>>>>>"Education and
>>>>> Outreach committee is still reviewing the possibility of a
>>>>>universal
>>>>> code."
>>>>> Note that the next meeting of BANA will be held November 3-6,
>>>>>2011 and
>>>>> will
>>>>> be hosted in the Baltimore area by the NFB.
>>>>
>>>>> If you believe as I do that the BAUK-like representation of
>>>>>maths in the
>>>>> current proposals for a unified code are significantly inferior
>>>>>to the
>>>>> Nemeth code's representation of mathematics, you might want to
>>>>>take
>>>>> action
>>>>> now.
>>>>
>>>>> Wouldn't it be ironic if the US were to abolish the use of the
>>>>>Nemeth
>>>>> code
>>>>> just as it is being widely adopted in countries such as India
>>>>>and
>>>>> Indonesia
>>>>> which have larger populations of braille users?
>>>>
>>>>> Sincerely,
>>>>> SusanJ
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>-----------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>---------------
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>> a.. Previous message: [Blindmath] SPSS accessibility
>>>>> b.. Next message: [Blindmath] BANA still considering
>>>>>abolishing
>>>>> the Nemeth
>>>>> braillecode
>>>>> c.. Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [
>>>>>author ]
>>>>> _______________________________________________
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>>>>
>>>>
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